Novel nucleic acid molecules with antitumoral activity

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a binding molecule that specifically binds to two different epitopes of an antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein the binding molecule comprises: (a) a first binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a first epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein said first binding (poly)peptide is a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide; and (b) a second binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a second epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells. The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the binding molecule of the invention, a vector comprising said nucleic acid molecule as well as a host cell or a non-human host transformed with said vector. The invention further relates to a method of producing a binding molecule of the invention as well as to pharmaceutical and diagnostic composition. Moreover, the present invention also relates to the binding molecule, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the invention for use in the treatment of tumors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/385,729, filed Sep. 16, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,593,314, which is the U.S. National Stage filing of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2013/054768, filed Mar. 8, 2013, which claims priority to EP 12159938.5, filed Mar. 16, 2012, the disclosure of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a binding molecule that specifically binds to two different epitopes of an antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein the binding molecule comprises: (a) a first binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a first epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein said first binding (poly)peptide is a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide; and (b) a second binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a second epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells. The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the binding molecule of the invention, a vector comprising said nucleic acid molecule as well as a host cell or a non-human host transformed with said vector. The invention also relates to a method of producing a binding molecule of the invention as well as to pharmaceutical and diagnostic composition. Moreover, the present invention also relates to the binding molecule, the nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the host cell of the invention for use in the treatment of tumors.

In this specification, a number of documents including patent applications and manufacturer's manuals are cited. The disclosure of these documents, while not considered relevant for the patentability of this invention, is herewith incorporated by reference in its entirety. More specifically, all referenced documents are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual document was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Non-immunoglobulin-derived binding reagents (collectively designated “scaffolds”; see, for example, Skerra (2000) J. Mol. Recognit. 13, 167-187) have been suggested for use as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. More than 50 different protein scaffolds have been proposed over the past 10 to 15 years, the most advanced approaches in this field being (as summarized in Gebauer and Skerra (2009) Curr Opinion in Chemical Biology 13:245-255): affibodies (based on the Z-domain of staphylococcal protein A), Kunitz type domains, adnectins (based on the 10th domain of human fibronectin), anticalins (derived from lipocalins), DARPins (derived from ankyrin repeat proteins), avimers (based on multimerized LDLR-A), and Fynomers, which are derived from the human Fyn SH3 domain.

In general, SH3 domains are present in a large variety of proteins participating in cellular signal transduction (Musacchio et al. (1994) Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 61; 283-297). These domains do not occupy a fixed position within proteins and can be expressed and purified independently. More than 1000 occurrences of the domain are presently known including about 300 human SH3 domains (Musacchio (2003) Advances in Protein Chemistry. 61; 211-268). Although there is great sequence diversity among SH3 domains, they all share a conserved fold: a compact beta barrel formed by two anti-parallel beta-sheets (Musacchio (2003) Advances in Protein Chemistry. 61; 211-268). Typically, SH3 domains bind to proline-rich peptides containing a PXXP core-binding motif (Ren et al. (1993) Science 259; 1157-1161), but examples of unconventional SH3 binding sites have also been described (Karkkainen et al. (2006) EMBO Rep. 7; 186-191). Most of the SH3 domains sequenced so far have an overall length of approximately 60 to 65 amino acids, but some of them may feature as many as 85 amino acids due to inserts into the loops connecting the main conservative elements of the secondary structure (Koyama et al. (1993) Cell 72(6); 945-952). An alignment of different SH3 domains revealed conserved amino acid residues responsible for the proper structure formation as well as for the canonical proline-rich motif recognition (Larson et al. (2000) Protein Science 9; 2170-2180).

The treatment of tumors with conventional chemotherapeutic agents relies on the expectation that the drugs will preferentially kill rapidly dividing tumor cells rather than normal cells. However, the lack of selectivity towards tumor cells leads to toxicities in normal tissues with enhanced proliferation rates, such as the bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract and hair follicles. Chemotherapeutic agents exhibit poor accumulation in the tumor mass owing to poor blood perfusion, irregular vasculature and high interstitial pressure in the tumor environment (Bosslet et al (1998) Cancer Res 58:1195-1201). Moreover, multidrug resistance proteins may decrease drug uptake (Ramachandran et al (1999) Mol Diagn 4:81-94). As a consequence, the development of therapeutic agents which target preferentially tumor cells represents a main focus of modern anti-cancer research. In this context, the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor site by binding to tumor associated antigens is an emerging field of modern anti-cancer research, which promises to concentrate bioactive molecules onto neoplastic lesions while sparing normal tissues (Pfaffen et al (2010) Exp Cell Res 316(5) 836-847). For example, upregulation of the HER2 protein is observed in breast and ovarian cancers and correlates with a poor prognosis (Slamon et al. (1987) Science, 235:177-182; Slamon et al. (1989) Science 244:707-712). Overexpression of HER2 (frequently but not uniformly due to gene amplification) has also been observed in a range of other tumor types including carcinomas of the bladder, salivary gland, endometrium, pancreas, thyroid, kidney, lung, upper gastrointestinal tract and colon (Scholl et al. (2001) Ann Oncol, 12 Suppl 1:S81-87; Ross J S (2011) Biomark Med 3:307-318; Fukushige et al. (1986) Mol Cell Biol 3:955-958; Cohen et al. (1989) Oncogene 1:81-88; Weiner et al (1990) Cancer Res 50:421-425; Park et al (1989) Cancer Res 23:6605-6609; Zhau et al (1990) Mol. Carcinog. 5:254-257; Aasland et al. (1988) Br J Cancer 4:358-363; Seliger et al (2000) Int J Cancer 87(3):349-359). In addition, HER2 has been found to be overexpressed in prostate cancer, although at lower levels compared to breast cancer tissues (Minner et al. (2010) Clin Cancer Res 16(5):1553-1560).

In the past, several HER2 binding proteins have been described, such as affibodies and DARPins (Wikman et al (2004) Protein Eng Des Sel 17(5): 455-462; Zahnd et al (2007) 369(4):1015-1028). Moreover, Hudziak et al. describe the generation of a panel of murine anti-HER2 antibodies (including the antibodies 4D5 and 2C4) which were characterized using a human breast tumor cell line (Hudziak et al. (1989) Mol Cell Biol 9(3):1165-1172; see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,171). Relative cell proliferation of the cells following exposure to the antibodies was determined. The authors demonstrated that the antibody 4D5 most effectively inhibited cellular proliferation. A recombinant humanized version of the murine anti-HER2 antibody 4D5 (huMAb4D5-8, trastuzumab, Herceptin®, see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1998 for the management of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in combination with chemotherapy. Currently, trastuzumab is recommended as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic HER2-positive tumors, either as a single agent (limited group of patients) or in combination with endocrine therapy or chemotherapy, as well as in the adjuvant setting (Awada et al. (2012) Cancer Treat Rev, 106(1):6-13). However, primary (intrinsic) or secondary (acquired while under treatment) resistance is frequently encountered during treatment with trastuzumab (Tsang et al. (2012) Br J Cancer 106:6-13). For example, it has been observed that the rate of primary resistance to single-agent trastuzumab for HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer is 66-89%. In addition, the majority of patients who achieve an initial response to trastuzumab-based regimens develop resistance within 1 year (Nahta et al (2006) Nat Clin Pract Oncol 3(5):269-280). Several strategies to overcome resistance to trastuzumab therapy have been described in the literature (see review Tsang et al. (2012) Br J Cancer 106:6-13; Awada et al. (2012) Cancer Treat Rev 106(1):6-13).

One attractive avenue to overcome resistance is represented by using combinations of HER2 binding agents. In this context, several groups showed that the combination of two anti-HER2 antibodies inhibited the growth of human tumor cell lines in vitro and/or in vivo better than the treatment with either single antibody alone (Yamashita-Kashima et al (2011) Clin Cancer Res 17(15):5060-5070; Scheuer et al. (2009) Cancer Res 69(24):9330-9336; Lee-Hoeflich et al (2008) Cancer Res 68(14):5878-5887; Kasprzyk et al (1992) Cancer Res 52:2771-2776; Ben-Kasus et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(9):3294-3299). Notably, increased efficacy was observed in preclinical studies where trastuzumab was combined with pertuzumab (pertuzumab is the humanized form of the mouse antibody 2C4 described in Hudziak et al. (Hudziak et al. (1989) Mol Cell Biol 9(3):1165-1172; U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,171); Adams C. W. et al. (2006) Cancer Immunol Immunother, 55:717-727; WO2001/00245)), and Phase 2 clinical trials showed that the co-administration of trastuzumab and pertuzumab produced anti-tumor responses in patients who had previously experienced disease progression while receiving trastuzumab-based therapy (Baselga et al. (2010) J Clin Oncol 28:1138-1144). Pertuzumab binds to domain II of the extracellular part of HER2, whereas trastuzumab binds to a site in domain IV of HER2, which is proximal to the membrane. Due to its binding specificity, pertuzumab was shown to prevent HER2 to form active heterodimers with other HER receptors (such as HER1, HER3 and HER4) (Agus et al (2002) Cancer Cell 2:127-137; Fendly et al (1990) Cancer Res 50(5): 1550-1558).

Recently, it has been shown in a Phase III clinical study that the combination of pertuzumab plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel, as compared with placebo plus trastuzumab plus docetaxel, significantly prolonged progression-free survival when used as first-line treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients (Baselga et al (2012) N Engl J Med 366(2):109-119). However, the median independently assessed progression-free survival was prolonged by only 6.1 months (from 12.4 months in the control group to 18.5 months in the pertuzumab group). Moreover, the combination of two or more biological compounds necessitates the dosing of two molecules which usually renders regulatory and clinical procedures more difficult. Furthermore, differences in pharmacokinetics and in tissue concentrations could reduce efficacy of the two antibodies.

Based on the improved therapeutic efficacy of antibody combinations targeting different epitopes on HER2 or EGFR (HER1) (Perera et al. (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. 11:6390-6399), efforts have been undertaken to engineer multispecific EGFR and HER2 targeting proteins, which bind to different epitopes of either EGFR (WO2011/020033) or HER2 (oral presentation of Woisetschlager M., Bispecific Antibody Summit 2011, Sep. 27, 2011, Boston, USA; slides number 5 & 15).

In WO2011/020033, fibronectin domain-based EGFR binding proteins were isolated and fused to the C- or N-terminus of either the heavy and/or light chain of the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody 225 (also known as cetuximab (Erbitux®)). The EGFR binding fibronectin domains were shown to recognize a different epitope than the antibody 225. Some of the resulting fibronectin-antibody fusions were found to induce EGFR clustering and downregulation more effectively than the antibody 225 on its own.

In the presentation of Woisetschlager M. (oral presentation of Woisetschlager M., Bispecific Antibody Summit 2011, Sep. 27, 2011, Boston, USA; slides number 5 & 15), the bispecific trastuzumab-based HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab-Her2-1 binding to two different epitopes on HER2 was described. However, no enhanced activity of the bispecific trastuzumab-based antibody as compared to unmodified trastuzumab was observed.

Thus, despite the fact that a lot of effort has been invested into improving antitumor-therapies, there is still a need to identify novel therapeutic compounds for an improved treatment of cancer that overcome the above described disadvantages. This need is addressed by the provision of the embodiments characterized in the claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a binding molecule that specifically binds to two different epitopes of an antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein the binding molecule comprises: (a) a first binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a first epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein said first binding (poly)peptide is a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide; and (b) a second binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a second epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells.

The term “binding molecule that specifically binds to two different epitopes of an antigen” relates to a binding molecule having two different binding specificities for one antigen expressed on tumor cells. In other words, the binding molecule of the present invention is capable of specifically binding to two distinct binding sites (i.e. epitopes) within said one antigen. Moreover, the bispecific binding molecule of the present invention is capable of binding to said two different epitopes at the same time.

In accordance with the present invention, a molecule is considered to bind specifically (also referred to herein as interacting specifically) when the respective molecule does not or essentially does not cross-react with an epitope of similar structure. Cross-reactivity of a panel of molecules under investigation may be tested, for example, by assessing binding of said panel of molecules under conventional conditions to the epitope of interest as well as to a number of more or less (structurally and/or functionally) closely related epitopes. Only those molecules that bind to the epitope of interest in its relevant context (e.g. a specific motif in the structure of a protein) but do not or do not essentially bind to any of the other epitope are considered specific for the epitope of interest. Corresponding methods are described e.g. in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988 or Harlow and Lane, Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999). The term “a molecule that essentially does not cross-react with an epitope of similar structure”, as used herein, refers to a molecule that binds to the target antigen with at least 5-times higher affinity than to an epitope of similar structure, more preferably at least 10-times higher affinity, such as e.g. at least 50-times higher affinity, more preferably at least 100-times higher affinity, such as e.g. at least 500-times higher affinity. Even more preferably, it binds with at least 1.000-times higher affinity to the target antigen than to an epitope of similar structure, such as e.g. at least 10.000-times higher affinity and most preferably at least 100.000-times higher affinity.

The term “antigen expressed on tumor cells” refers to an antigen that is either not expressed on non-tumor cells or is expressed on tumor cells in a higher amount than on non-tumor cells. Preferably, the antigen is expressed on tumor cells in an at least two times higher amount as on non-tumor cells, more preferably an least five times higher amount, such as e.g. an at least 10-times higher amount, even more preferably an at least 100-time higher amount, such as e.g. an at least 1000-times higher amount and most preferably an at least 10.000-times higher amount. Suitable target antigens include any such antigen that is expressed more strongly on tumor cells, preferably the antigen is one of the antigens defined herein below.

The term “(poly)peptide”, as used in accordance with the present invention, describes linear molecular chains of amino acids, including single chain proteins or their fragments. The term refers to a group of molecules which comprises the group of peptides, consisting of up to 30 amino acids, as well as the group of polypeptides (also referred to herein as proteins), consisting of more than 30 amino acids.

Furthermore, peptidomimetics of such (poly)peptide are also encompassed by the present invention, wherein amino acid(s) and/or peptide bond(s) have been replaced by functional analogues. Such functional analogues include all known amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids, such as selenocysteine. The term (poly)peptide also refers to naturally modified (poly)peptides, where the modification is effected e.g. by glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and similar modifications which are well known in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-B: FACS binding experiments using HER2 overexpressing BT-474 cells. (A) Binding of Fyn SH3 derived polypeptides C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and G10 (SEQ ID NO: 2) on HER2 with or without pre-blocking of the epitope of the anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1; wherein the heavy chain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; exemplary nucleic acid molecules encoding the heavy and light chain are shown in SEQ ID NO: 165 and 166) and anti-HER2 antibody 2 (anti-HER2 mAb 2; wherein the heavy chain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 and the light chain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; exemplary nucleic acid molecules encoding the heavy and light chain are shown in SEQ ID NO: 168 and 169). PBS, phosphate buffered saline, represents the negative control. (B) Binding of biotinylated anti-HER2 antibody 1 and biotinylated anti-HER2 antibody 2 (biotinylated antibodies are indicated with the abbreviation “bt”) with or without pre-blocking of the epitope of the anti-HER2 antibody 1 and anti-HER2 antibody 2. PBS, phosphate buffered saline, represents the negative control.

FIG. 2A-D: In vitro proliferation assays with HER2 overexpressing gastric cancer cell line NCI-N87. Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO:1) was fused to the Fc part of a human IgG1 to create the monospecific bivalent protein called Fc-C12 (SEQ ID NO: 153). The combination mixture of Fynomer C12-Fc with the anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1) (shown in FIG. 2A) and with the anti-HER2 antibody 2 (anti-HER2 mAb 2) (shown in FIG. 2C) did not reduce proliferation rate of NCI-N87 cells more effectively than the corresponding anti-HER2 antibodies alone. However, the anti-proliferative activity of the binding molecules COVA208 (SEQ ID NO: 154 & 159) (shown in FIG. 2B) and COVA210 (SEQ ID NO: 160 & 161; an exemplary nucleic acid molecule encoding SEQ ID NO:161 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 170) (FIG. 2D) was higher than the activity of the corresponding unmodified antibody. COVA 208 consists of the fusion of C12 (SEQ ID NO:1) to the N-terminus of the light chain of antibody 1 (SEQ ID NO: 154 and 155)) and COVA210 consists of the fusion of C12 (SEQ ID NO:1) to the N-terminus of the light chain of antibody 2 (SEQ ID NO: 160 and 163), see also FIG. 8.

FIG. 3A-B: The anti-proliferative activity of anti-HER2 Fynomer-antibody fusions varies depending on the relative orientation of the Fynomer and the binding site of the antibody. The anti-proliferative activities of the different Fynomer-antibody fusion proteins in a proliferation cell assay with NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells showed variations (A) and (B), and COVA208 showed the best anti-proliferative effects on this cell line (FIG. 3B). The maximal effects are indicated in the tables and given in percentage of viability. COVA201 (SEQ ID NOs: 156 and 155), COVA202 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 157), COVA207 (SEQ ID NOs: 158 and 155) and COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) are all fusion proteins of the Fyn SH3 derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1) (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155). COVA201 consists of the C-terminal heavy chain fusion, COV202 represents the C-terminal light chain fusion, COVA 207 consists of the N-terminal heavy chain fusion and COVA208 represents the N-terminal light chain fusion, see also FIG. 8.

FIG. 4: The anti-proliferative activity of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) (fusion of Fynomer C12 to the N-terminus of the light chain of anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1, SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) was determined in a cell assay with the HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cell line BT-474. COVA208 exhibited superior anti-proliferative activity as compared to the unmodified antibody.

FIG. 5: depicts an animal study with a NCI-N87 gastric cancer xenograft mouse model. NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously in CD1 Nude mice (n=6 per treatment group). When tumors reached a size of about 140 mm³, animals were treated with a loading dose of 30 mg/kg COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159), anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) or placebo (PBS). Treatment was continued with four weekly i.p. injections (15 mg/kg) (indicated with the arrows) and size of tumors was measured with a caliper. COVA208 was found to inhibit tumor growth significantly better than the monospecific anti-HER2 antibody 1 or placebo (PBS). Mean tumor volumes of 6 mice are shown (relative to day 0 when the treatment was started)±standard error of the mean (SEM).

FIG. 6: Serum concentrations of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) and the anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) at different time-points after a single i.v. injection into C57Bl/6 mice. The six last time-points were used to calculate the terminal half-lives of 247 h (COVA208) and 187 h (anti-HER2 antibody 1). Mean serum concentrations are plotted versus time, error bars represent standard deviations (SD).

FIG. 7A-B: SDS PAGE of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) and anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NO: 154 and 155)) (7A) and size exclusion chromatograms of COVA208 after purification and after a storage period of 1 and 2 months at 4° C. (7B). Evidently, COVA208 did not form any aggregates.

FIG. 8: Schematic overview of different formats of binding molecules that bind to two different epitopes on an antigen. COVA201 (SEQ ID NO: 156 & 155), COVA202 (SEQ ID NO: 154 & 157), COVA207 (SEQ ID NO: 158 & 155) and COVA208 (SEQ ID NO: 154 & 159) are all fusion proteins of the Fyn SH3 derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1) (SEQ ID NO: 154 and 155). COVA201 consists of the C-terminal heavy chain fusion, COV202 represents the C-terminal light chain fusion, COVA 207 consists of the N-terminal heavy chain fusion and COVA208 represents the N-terminal light chain fusion. COVA210 (SEQ ID NO: 160 & 161) consists of the fusion of C12 (SEQ ID NO:1) to the N-terminus of the light chain of antibody 2 (SEQ ID NO: 160 and 163).

FIG. 9A-C: In vitro proliferation assays with HER2 expressing cell lines. COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) inhibited the cell growth of OE19 (FIG. 9A) and of Calu-3 cells (FIG. 9B) more effectively than anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)). FIG. 9C summarizes the results of the in vitro proliferation assays performed on 10 different cell lines, for each of which the maximal level of inhibition has been plotted. The corresponding data points for COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1 were connected to facilitate the comparison between the two compounds. COVA208 shows improved inhibition of cell growth as compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1 on all 10 cell lines.

FIG. 10A-B: COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) is capable of inducing apoptosis, as determined by caspase-3/7 activity (FIG. 10A) and by TUNEL staining (FIG. 10B). Anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) did not increase caspase-3/7 activity nor the fraction of TUNEL-positive cells, indicating that the ability to induce apoptosis is unique to COVA208. Staurosporine was used as positive control. Error bars in FIG. 10A indicate standard deviation of triplicates.

FIG. 11: COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) inhibits ligand-dependent activation of HER2 signaling on MCF-7 cells (left panel) as well as ligand-independent activation of HER2 signaling on NCI-N87 cells (right panel). Anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) inhibits signaling only on MCF-7 cells, whereas anti-HER2 antibody 2 (anti-HER2 mAb 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 160 and 163)) is only active on NCI-N87 cells. Vinculin served as a loading control.

FIG. 12: COVA208 is internalized by NCI-N87 cells. After surface staining followed by 5 h incubation, 52% of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) was found in spherical dots within the cytosol, as determined from confocal laser scanning images analyzed with Imaris software. Anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) staining primarily remained membrane-associated, with only 9% of the staining localizied in cytosolic spherical dots.

FIG. 13: depicts an animal study with a KPL-4 breast cancer xenograft mouse model. KPL-4 breast cancer cells were inoculated subcutaneously in SCID beige mice (n=8 per treatment group). When tumors reached a size of about 70 mm³, animals were treated with a loading dose of 30 mg/kg COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159), anti-HER2 antibody 1 (anti-HER2 mAb 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155)) or placebo (PBS). Treatment was continued with four weekly i.p. injections (15 mg/kg) (indicated with the arrows) and size of tumors was measured with a caliper. COVA208 was found to inhibit tumor growth significantly better than the monospecific anti-HER2 antibody 1 or placebo (PBS). Mean tumor volumes of 8 mice are shown±standard error of the mean (SEM).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with the present invention, the binding molecule comprises two binding (poly)peptides as defined in (a) and (b).

The first binding (poly)peptide specifically binds to a first epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells and is a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide. It will be appreciated that one or more copies of said first binding (poly)peptide may be present in the binding molecule of the invention, such as e.g. two, three or four copes of the first binding (poly)peptide.

An epitope may be a conformational or a continuous epitope. In polypeptide antigens, a conformational (or discontinuous) epitope is characterized by the presence of two or more discrete amino acid residues which are separated in the primary sequence, but are located near each other on the surface of the molecule when the polypeptide folds into the native three-dimensional structure to constitute the epitope (Sela, (1969) Science 166, 1365 and Laver, (1990) Cell 61, 553-6). The two or more discrete amino acid residues contributing to the epitope are present in separate sections or even in one or more (poly)peptide chain(s) of the antigen. In contrast, a linear or continuous epitope consist of two or more discrete amino acid residues which are located near each other in a single linear segment of a (poly)peptide chain.

The term “Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide”, used interchangeably herein with the term “Fynomer”, refers to a non-immunoglobulin-derived binding (poly)peptide (e.g. a so-called scaffold as described above) derived from the human Fyn SH3 domain. Fyn SH3-derived polypeptides are well known in the art and have been described e.g. in Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204 or WO 2008/022759, Bertschinger et al (2007) Protein Eng Des Sel 20(2):57-68, Gebauer and Skerra (2009) Curr Opinion in Chemical Biology 13:245-255).

The SH3 domain of the Fyn kinase (Fyn SH3) comprises 63 residues, namely amino acids 83 to 145 of the sequence reported by Semba et al. (1986) (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83(15): 5459-63) and Kawakami et al. (1986) (Mol Cell Biol. 6(12): 4195-201), with the sequence GVTLFVALYDYEARTEDDLSFHKGEKFQILNSSEGDWWEARSLTTGETGYIP SNYVAPVDSIQ, as shown in SEQ ID NO: 164. Fyn is a 59 kDa member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. As a result of alternative splicing, the Fyn protein exists in two different isoforms differing in their kinase domains: one form is found in thymocytes, splenocytes and some hematolymphoid cell lines, while a second form accumulates principally in brain (Cooke and Perlmutter (1989), New Biol. 1(1): 66-74). The biological functions of Fyn, which is an intracellular protein, are diverse and include signalling via the T cell receptor, regulation of brain function as well as adhesion mediated signalling (Resh (1998) Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30(11): 1159-62). Just as other SH3 domains, the Fyn SH3 is composed of two antiparallel (3-sheets and contains two flexible loops (the RT-Src and n-Src-loops) in order to interact with other proteins. The sequences of the two flexible loops (called RT-Src and n-Src-loops) are underlined and double-underlined, respectively. The amino acid sequence of Fyn SH3 is fully conserved among man, mouse, rat and monkey (gibbon).

As has been shown in the art (WO 2008/022759; Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204), the Fyn SH3 domain is a particularly attractive scaffold for the generation of binding proteins, i.e. Fynomers. The reason for this is because Fynomers (i) can be expressed in bacteria in soluble form in high amounts, (ii) do not aggregate when stored in solution, (iii) are very stable (T_(m) 70.5° C.), (iv) lack cysteine residues, and (v) are originally derived from human featuring an amino acid sequence completely conserved from mouse to man, thereby reducing unwanted immunogenic reactions.

The derivation of a specifically binding Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide for a particular target antigen has been described in the art. For example, a library of different Fyn SH3 can be created in which the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO:164 above has been altered. Preferably, the alteration is carried out (i) in the sequence representing the RT-loop or optionally in a position up to two amino acids adjacent to said sequence (i.e. the sequence DYEARTEDDL as shown above in SEQ ID NO:164), or (ii) in the Scr loop or optionally in a position up to two amino acids adjacent to said sequence (i.e. the sequence LNSSEG as shown double-underlined above in SEQ ID NO:164) or (iii) in both sequences simultaneously. Preferably, the alteration is a substitution, deletion or addition as described in the art (see e.g. WO 2008/022759; Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204). Means and methods for altering an amino acid sequence are well known in the art and are described in the art, e.g. in Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204.

Subsequently, this Fyn SH3 library can be cloned into a phagemid vector, such as e.g. pHEN1 (Hoogenboom et al. “Multi-subunit proteins on the surface of filamentous phage: methodologies for displaying antibody (Fab) heavy and light chains”, Nucleic Acids Res, 19(15):4133-7, 1991) and the library is subsequently displayed on phages and subjected to of panning, preferably repeated rounds of panning such as e.g. at least two, more preferably at least three rounds of panning against the respective antigen. Subsequently, screening for binding (poly)peptides can be performed by established techniques, such as e.g. monoclonal phage-ELISA. Sequencing of the thus identified clones may then be employed to reveal the enriched sequences. The thus identified binding (poly)peptide may further be subjected to further maturation steps, such as e.g. by generating additional libraries based on alterations of the identified sequences and repeated phage display and panning steps. Finally, cross-reactivity and immunogenicity of the resulting Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide may be analysed and a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide specific for the target antigen can be selected.

These methods of phage display screening and optimization of binding (poly)peptides are generally known in the art.

The second binding (poly)peptide as defined in (b) specifically binds to a second epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells. Accordingly, and as described herein above, this means that the same antigen is bound by this second binding (poly)peptide, however a different epitope on said antigen is bound. The term “different” epitope refers to an epitope that does not overlap with the epitope to which the first binding (poly)peptide specifically binds. Accordingly, binding of one of the binding (poly)peptide in accordance with the invention does not block the binding of the second binding (poly)peptide, thus enabling the simultaneous binding of both binding (poly)peptides. The second binding (poly)peptide may be any (poly)peptide capable of specifically binding to a target epitope, such as e.g. an antibody or any of the above described non-immunoglobulin-derived binding reagents or scaffolds, preferably a scaffold selected from the group consisting of affibodies (based on the Z-domain of staphylococcal protein A), Kunitz type domains, adnectins (based on the 10th domain of human fibronectin), anticalins (derived from lipocalins), DARPins (derived from ankyrin repeat proteins), avimers (based on multimerized LDLR-A). All these scaffolds are well known in the art and have been described in the references cited herein above.

The binding (poly)peptides comprised in the binding molecule of the invention may form a single polypeptide chain or may be present in the binding molecule of the invention as several polypeptide chains, which may be covalently or non-covalently bound to each other. Where the binding (poly)peptides form a single polypeptide chain, they may be arranged in any order within said molecule, such as for example (a)-(b) or (b)-(a). More preferably, the binding (poly)peptides of (a) and (b) are arranged in the recited order, e.g. in the order (a) to (b) in the N-terminus to C-terminus direction. Where the binding (poly)peptides do not form a single polypeptide chain, they may still form a linear chain in which they are bound to each other. In that case, they may also be arranged in any order within said linear chain, such as for example (a)-(b) or (b)-(a). More preferably, the binding (poly)peptides of (a) and (b) are arranged in the recited order, e.g. in the order (a) to (b). The binding (poly)peptides may be arranged towards each other in a head-to-tail order, i.e. one binding (poly)peptide is (covalently or non-covalently) bound with its N-terminus to the C-terminus of the other binding (poly)peptide or they may be arranged in a head-to-head or a tail-to-tail order, i.e. one binding (poly)peptide is coupled (covalently or non-covalently) bound either with its N-terminus to the N-terminus of the other binding (poly)peptide or with its C-terminus to the C-terminus of the other binding (poly)peptide. It will be appreciated that the binding (poly)peptides may also form a non-linear arrangement. It will also be appreciated that it is a requirement for all the binding molecules described herein that the binding activity of the two binding (poly)peptides to their respective epitope is retained or essentially retained as defined herein below after formation of the binding molecules, i.e. by the covalent or non-covalent association of the two binding (poly)peptides. Where the binding molecule is formed of several (poly)peptide chains, it is preferred that these chains are covalently bound to each other.

The binding molecule of the invention may be produced by any of the methods of producing (poly)peptides known in the art. For example, as described in more detail herein below, one or more nucleic acid molecules encoding the binding molecule of the present invention may be expressed in a suitable host and the thus produced binding molecule can subsequently be isolated. An alternative method for producing the binding molecule of the invention is in vitro translation of mRNA. Suitable cell-free expression systems for use in accordance with the present invention include rabbit reticulocyte lysate, wheat germ extract, canine pancreatic microsomal membranes, E. coli S30 extract, and coupled transcription/translation systems such as the TNT-system (Promega). These systems allow the expression of recombinant (poly)peptides upon the addition of cloning vectors, DNA fragments, or RNA sequences containing coding regions and appropriate promoter elements.

In addition to recombinant production, the binding molecule of the invention may be produced synthetically, e.g. by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques (cf Stewart et al. (1969) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis; Freeman Co, San Francisco; Merrifield, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (1963), 2149-2154). Synthetic protein synthesis may be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis may be achieved, for example, using the Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer, Foster City Calif.) in accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Various fragments may be chemically synthesized separately and combined using chemical methods to produce the full length molecule. As indicated above, chemical synthesis, such as the solid phase procedure described by Houghton Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (82) (1985), 5131-5135, can be used. Furthermore, the binding molecule of the invention may be produced semi-synthetically, for example by a combination of recombinant and synthetic production.

In accordance with the present invention, it was surprisingly found that a binding molecule comprising a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide and a second binding (poly)peptide having binding specificity to the same antigen but a different epitope of said antigen resulted in a superior antiproliferative activity on tumor cells. This activity was higher than the activity of a monospecific Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide (in a bivalent format as Fc fusion) or the second binding (poly)peptide alone and, most surprisingly, was also higher than the antiproliferative effect of both compounds given in combination. Accordingly, the generation of the binding molecule of the present invention results in an improved effect as compared to the two separate binding (poly)peptides.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a binding molecule, wherein the binding of said binding molecule to tumor cells expressing the respective target antigen on their surface results in an improved inhibition of tumor activity that is higher than the inhibition of tumor activity obtained by the combined binding of two mono-specific binding proteins, wherein the first mono-specific binding protein comprises or consists of the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide of (a) and the second mono-specific binding protein comprises or consists of the binding (poly)peptide of (b). Preferably, the improved inhibition of tumor activity is a synergistic, i.e. more than additive effect as compared to the inhibition of tumor activity obtained by the combined binding of two mono-specific binding proteins.

In a preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the invention, the antigen expressed on tumor cells is selected from the group consisting of HER2, other EGFR family members including HER1, HER3 and HER4, other receptor tyrosine kinase families including the ALK, AXL, DDR, EPH, FGFR, EPH, FGFR, INSR, MET, MUSK, PDGFR, PTK7, RET, ROR, ROS, RYK, TIE, TRK, VEGFR, AATYK families, EpCAM, CD20, CD33, CD52 and CD30.

HER2 is defined in accordance with the pertinent art and relates to a human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (also referred to as HER2/neu or ErbB-2, see above), a 185-kDa receptor first described in 1984 (Schlechter et al (1984) Nature 312:513-516). Human HER2 (SEQ ID NO: 171) is represented by the NCBI reference: NP_004439 (publication date 26 Feb. 2012) and has been described in the art, for example in Robinson et al. (2000) Oncogene 19:5548-5557 as well as the references cited herein above. Other targets of the receptor tyrosine kinase families (EGFR, ALK, AXL, DDR, EPH, FGFR, EPH, FGFR, INSR, MET, MUSK, PDGFR, PTK7, RET, ROR, ROS, RYK, TIE, TRK, VEGFR, AATYK) are well known in the art and have been described including NCBI references in Robinson et al. (2000) Oncogene 19:5548-5557.

EpCAM is defined in accordance with the pertinent art and relates to the Epithelial cell adhesion molecule, which is a pan-epithelial differentiation antigen that is expressed on almost all carcinomas. Human EpCAM is represented by the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot accession number: P16422.2 (publication date 22 Feb. 2012) and has been described in the art, for example in Strnad et al. (1989) Cancer Res. 49(2):314-317.

CD20 is defined in accordance with the pertinent art and relates to the B-lymphocyte antigen CD20. Human CD20 is represented by the NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_690605.1 (publication date 8 Jan. 2012) and has been described in the art, for example in Dawidowicz et al (2011) Clin Exp Rheumatol 29(5):839-842.

CD33 is defined in accordance with the pertinent art and relates to the CD33 antigen. Human CD33 is represented by the NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001763.3 (publication date 18 Dec. 2011) and has been described in the art, for example in Raponi et al. (2011) Leuk. Lymphoma 52(6):1098-1107.

CD52 is defined in accordance with the pertinent art and relates to the CD52 antigen (CAMPATH-1 antigen). Human CD33 is represented by the GenBank accession number: EAX07822.1 (publication date 4 Feb. 2010) and has been described in the art, for example in Venter et al (2001) Science 291(5507):1304-1351.

CD30 is defined in accordance with the pertinent art and relates to the CD30 antigen. Human CD30 is represented by the GenBank accession number: AAA51947.1 (publication date 1 Nov. 1994) and has been described in the art, for example in Durkop, H et al. (1992) Cell 68(3):421-427.

In a preferred embodiment of the bi-specific binding molecule of the invention, the antigen is HER2.

In a further preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the invention, the second binding (poly)peptide is an antibody.

The antibody may be a monoclonal or a polyclonal antibody of any class of antibodies. The term “antibody” also comprises antibody fragments or derivatives thereof which still retain the binding specificity of the respective full length or non-modified antibody. The antibody of the invention also includes embodiments such as synthetic, chimeric, single chain and humanized antibodies.

The term “antibody fragment” relates to fragments, such as a (i) Fab fragment, (ii) F(ab′)₂ fragment, (iii) Fd fragment (consisting of the VHC and CH1 domains), (iv) a Fv fragment and (v) an isolated complementary determining region (CDR) having sufficient framework to specifically bind, e.g., an antigen binding portion of a variable region. The term “antibody derivative” defines in the context of the invention chemically modified antibodies and antibody fragments. This includes scFv fragments, single domain antibodies etc. Accordingly, antibody derivatives are often (poly)peptides derived from antibody molecules and/or (poly)peptides which are modified by chemical/biochemical or molecular biological methods. The minimal requirement for the specific interaction of an antibody fragment with its specific epitope is the presence of one or more CDRs from the variable heavy chain (V_(H)) and/or the variable light chain (V_(L)) of the parent antibody in a context which allows for the fitting of the antibody fragment and the epitope. Such a context can be provided by the use of a suitable framework of an antibody. As known in the art the term “framework” defines in the context of an antibody or antibody derivative the amino acid sequence which functions as a spacer between the CDRs as well as extends N-terminally and C-terminally thereof and provides for a structure which allows the formation of the antigen binding site by the CDRs. A modification of the framework or CDR sequences, e.g. to improve the binding affinity by molecular biological methods may comprise modification of the (poly)peptides using conventional techniques known in the art, for example, by using amino acid deletion(s), insertion(s), substitution(s), addition(s), and/or recombination(s) and/or any other modification(s) (e.g. posttranslational and chemical modifications, such as glycosylation and phosphorylation) known in the art either alone or in combination. Methods for introducing such modifications in the DNA sequence underlying the amino acid sequence of an immunoglobulin chain are well known to the person skilled in the art; see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2nd edition 1989 and 3rd edition 2001; Gerhardt et al., Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, ASM Press, 1994; Lefkovits, Immunology Methods Manual: The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Techniques, Academic Press, 1997; or Golemis, Protein-Protein Interactions: A Molecular Cloning Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2002.

An antibody in accordance with the invention is capable of specifically binding/interacting with an epitope. The epitope may be a polypeptide structure as well as compounds which do not comprise amino acids, such as e.g. polysaccharides. The term “specifically binding/interacting with” is as defined herein above.

Preferably, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. Even more preferably, the (monoclonal) antibody is of the IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD or IgM class (as well as subtypes thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4)).

It will be appreciated that the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide representing the first binding (poly)peptide may be coupled to the antibody in any possible position, as long as the binding capabilities of the two binding (poly)peptides is retained or essentially retained, as defined herein below. For example, the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide representing the first binding (poly)peptide may be coupled to the antibody at the N- or C-terminal end of either the heavy chain or light chain where a complete antibody is employed. Preferably, the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide is coupled to the N-terminal end of the light chain of an antibody.

In another preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the present invention, the first and second binding (poly)peptide are linked by a linker.

The term “linker” as used in accordance with the present invention relates to a sequel of amino acids (i.e. peptide linkers) as well as to non-peptide linkers, which separate the binding (poly)peptides of the binding molecule of the invention. It will be appreciated that where the binding molecule of the present is a single polypeptide chain, the linker is a peptide linker.

The nature, i.e. the length and/or composition (such as e.g. amino acid sequence) of the linker may modify or enhance the stability and/or solubility of the molecule, it may enhance the flexibility of the resulting binding molecule and/or may improve the binding to the target antigen by reducing sterical hindrance. The length and composition of a linker depends on the composition of the respective binding (poly)peptides of the binding molecule of the invention. The skilled person is well aware of methods to test the suitability of different linkers. For example, the properties of the binding molecule can easily be tested by analysing its binding affinity when using different types of linkers. In addition, the respective measurements for each binding (poly)peptide alone may be carried out and compared to the binding affinity of the binding molecule. The stability of the resulting molecule can be measured by methods known in the art, such as e.g. using an ELISA method to determine the residual binding capacity of the molecule after incubation in human serum at 37° C. for several time periods.

Peptide linkers as envisaged by the present invention are (poly)peptide linkers composed of amino acids. Preferably, the linker is 1 to 100 amino acids in length. More preferably, the linker is 5 to 50 amino acids in length and even more preferably, the linker is 10 to 20 amino acids in length. Most preferably, the linker is 15 amino acid in length. In a preferred embodiment, the linker is a flexible linker using e.g. the amino acids alanine and serine or glycine and serine. Preferably the linker sequences are (Gly₄Ser)₁, (Gly₄Ser)₂, or (Gly₄Ser)₃. Most preferably, the linker is (Gly₄Ser)₃.

The term “non-peptide linker”, as used in accordance with the present invention, refers to linkage groups having two or more reactive groups but excluding peptide linkers as defined above. For example, the non-peptide linker may be a polymer, such as e.g. polyethylene glycol, having reactive groups at both ends, which individually bind to reactive groups of the binding portions of the molecule of the invention, for example, an amino terminus, a lysine residue, a histidine residue or a cysteine residue. The reactive groups of the polymer include a hydroxyl group, an aldehyde group, a propionic aldehyde group, a butyl aldehyde group, a maleimide group, a ketone group, a vinyl sulfone group, a thiol group, a hydrazide group, a carbonyldimidazole (CDI) group, a nitrophenyl carbonate (NPC) group, a trysylate group, an isocyanate group, and succinimide derivatives. Examples of succinimide derivatives include succinimidyl propionate (SPA), succinimidyl butanoic acid (SBA), succinimidyl carboxymethylate (SCM), succinimidyl succinamide (SSA), succinimidyl succinate (SS), succinimidyl carbonate, and N-hydroxy succinimide (NETS). The reactive groups at both ends of the non-peptide polymer may be the same or different. For example, the non-peptide polymer may have a maleimide group at one end and an aldehyde group at another end. Preferably, the polymer is polyethylene glycol.

Most preferably, the linker is a peptide linker.

In another preferred embodiment, the binding molecule of the invention further comprises at least one additional (poly)peptide.

Non-limiting examples of such additional (poly)peptides are e.g. pharmaceutically and/or diagnostically active components, including tags or functional (poly)peptides suitable to improve the performance of the binding molecule of the invention.

Pharmaceutically and/or diagnostically active components may for example be selected from cytokines, toxic compounds, chemokines, enzymes, fluorescent dyes and photosensitizers, pro-coagulant factor, preferably a tissue factor, radionuclides or components that modulate the serum half-life of the binding molecule of the invention.

Non-limiting examples of cytokines include e.g. IL-2, IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN alpha, IFN beta, IFN gamma, IL-10, IL-15, IL-24, GM-CSF, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-11, IL-13, LIF, CD80, B70, TNF beta, LT-beta, CD-40 ligand, Fas-ligand, TGF-beta, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta.

Examples of toxic compounds include, without being limiting, calicheamicin, maytansinoid, neocarzinostatin, esperamicin, dynemicin, kedarcidin, maduropeptin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, auristatin, Ricin-A chain, modeccin, truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A, diphtheria toxin and recombinant gelonin.

Non-limiting examples of chemokines include IL-8, GRO alpha, GRO beta, GRO gamma, ENA-78, LDGF-PBP, GCP-2, PF4, Mig, IP-10, SDF-1alpha/beta, BUNZO/STRC33, I-TAC, BLC/BCA-1, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1 beta, MDC, TECK, TARC, RANTES, HCC-1, HCC-4, DC-CK1, MIP-3 alpha, MIP-3 beta, MCP-1-5, Eotaxin, Eotaxin-2, 1-309, 6Ckine, CTACK, MEC, Lymphotactin and Fractalkine.

Fluorescent dyes include e.g. Alexa Fluor or Cy dyes and photosensitizers include for example phototoxic red fluorescent protein KillerRed or haematoporphyrin.

Non-limiting examples of enzymes include enzymes for pro-drug activation, preferably enzymes selected from the group consisting of carboxy-peptidases, glucuronidases and glucosidases.

Radionuclides may be selected from e.g. the group of gamma-emitting isotopes, preferably ^(99m)Tc, ¹²³I, ¹¹¹In; from the group of positron emitters, preferably ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁸⁶Y, ¹²⁴I; from the group of beta-emitters, preferably ¹³¹I, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁶⁷Cu; or from the group of alpha-emitters, preferably ²¹³Bi, ²¹¹At.

Examples of components that modulate serum half-life include, without being limiting, polyethylene glycol (PEG), Fc domains of antibodies, albumin-binding proteins and conformationally disordered polypeptide sequences.

Non-limiting examples of tags include Strep-tags, His-tags, Myc-tags, TAP-tags or Flag-tags. Additional functional (poly)peptides are e.g. secretion peptides such as the kappa secretion leader or peptides providing N-glycosylation sites.

As outlined herein above, some of the additional (poly)peptides may have an additional pharmaceutical or diagnostic activity or may enhance stability of the binding molecule of the invention, thereby enhancing its antitumorigenic activity, while other additional (poly)peptides may instead facilitate the preparation and/or purification of the binding molecule.

Methods to add the above defined additional (poly)peptides to the binding molecule of the invention are well known to the skilled person and are described e.g. in Sambrook, 2001, loc cit. It will be appreciated that the additional (poly)peptides may be non-covalently bound to the binding molecule of the invention or may be covalently bound, for example they may form a fusion protein with binding molecule, e.g. they may form a single polypeptide chain. Such a fusion protein may for example be encoded by a single nucleic acid molecule.

Also encompassed by the present invention are multimers, such as e.g. dimers, trimers, tetramers etc., formed of the binding molecule of the invention, optionally including additional (poly)peptides as defined herein above. Such multimers may be formed by covalent or non-covalent association, preferably by covalent association. Preferably, multimers are formed via linkers as defined herein above, preferably the above defined peptide linkers. More preferably, the linker is (Gly₄Ser)₁, (Gly₄Ser)₂, or (Gly₄Ser)₃. Most preferably, the linker is (Gly₄Ser)₃.

In a further preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the invention, the first binding (poly)peptide comprises or consists of (i) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 152 or (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In those embodiments where a binding (poly)peptide comprises (rather than consists of) the recited amino acid sequence, additional amino acids extend over the specific sequence either at the N-terminal end or the C-terminal end or both. Preferably, no more than 50 additional amino acids are present at the N-terminal end and no more than 50 additional amino acids are present at the C-terminal end. More preferably no more than 40, such as no more than 30, more preferably no more than 20, such as no more than 10, no more than 9, no more than 8, no more than 7, no more than 6, no more than 5, no more than 4, no more than 3, no more than 2 and even more preferably no more than 1 additional amino acid(s) are/is independently present at either one or both of the N- or C-terminal end. It will be appreciated that it is a prerequisite that the binding capacity of the binding molecule to the two different epitopes of the target antigen is retained or essentially retained as defined herein below in the presence of these additional amino acids. Additional sequences may include for example sequences introduced e.g. for purification. Preferably, the first binding (poly)peptide consists of the amino acid sequence recited in (i) or (ii). More preferably, the first binding (poly)peptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “% sequence identity” describes the number of matches (“hits”) of identical amino acids/nucleotides of two or more aligned amino acid or nucleic acid sequences as compared to the number of amino acid residues or nucleotides making up the overall length of the amino acid sequences or nucleic acid (or the overall compared part thereof). In other terms, using an alignment, for two or more sequences or sub-sequences the percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (e.g., 65% or 80% identity) may be determined, when the (sub)sequences are compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a window of comparison, or over a designated region as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm as known in the art, or when manually aligned and visually inspected. Preferred (poly)peptides in accordance with the invention are those where the described identity exists over a region that is at least about 15 to 25 amino acids in length, more preferably, over a region that is at least about 30 to 50 amino acids in length. More preferred (poly)peptides in accordance with the present invention are those having the described sequence identity over the entire length of the (poly)peptides specifically recited herein. Those having skill in the art will know how to determine percent sequence identity between/among sequences using, for example, algorithms such as those based on the NCBI BLAST algorithm (Stephen F. Altschul, Thomas L. Madden, Alejandro A. Schïffer, Jinghui Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Webb Miller, and David J. Lipman (1997), “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs”, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402), CLUSTALW computer program (Thompson Nucl. Acids Res. 2 (1994), 4673-4680) or FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1988, 85; 2444).

The NCBI BLAST algorithm is preferably employed in accordance with this invention. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as default a word length (W) of 3, and an expectation (E) of 10. The BLASTN program for nucleic acid sequences uses as default a word length (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands. The BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1989, 89:10915) uses alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=4, and a comparison of both strands. Accordingly, all the (poly)peptides having a sequence identity of at least 80% as determined with the NCBI BLAST program fall under the scope of the invention.

In accordance with this embodiment of the present invention, also encompassed are sequences having at least 65% sequence identity, such as at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85% and at least 90% sequence identity. Even more preferably, the identity is at least 95%, such as at least 98%, at least 99% and most preferably at least 99.5%.

The amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 preferably has the following formula I:

GVTLFVALYDYX₁ X₂ X₃ X₄ X₅ X₆ X₇ X₈ X₉ X₁₀LSFHKGEKFQIL X₁₁ X₁₂ X₁₃ X₁₄ X₁₅ X₁₆G X₁₇WW X₁₈ARSLTTGE X₁₉G X₂₀IPS X₂₁YVAPVDSIQ (Formula I) wherein X₁ to X₇ and X₁₁ to X₁₃ and X₁₇ to X₂₁ are each independently selected from G, V, T, L, F, A, Y, D, S, H, K, E, Q, I, W, R, M, P, N and C; more preferably from G, V, T, L, F, A, Y, D, S, H, K, E, Q, I, W, R, M, P and N; and wherein X₈ to X₁₀ and X₁₄ to X₁₆ are each independently selected from G, V, T, L, F, A, Y, D, S, H, K, E, Q, I, W, R, M, P, N and C; more preferably from G, V, T, L, F, A, Y, D, S, H, K, E, Q, I, W, R, M, P and N; or wherein one or more of X₈ to X₁₀ and X₁₄ to X₁₆ is absent.

More preferably,

-   -   X₁ is selected from: T, E, D, Q, Y, V, W, N, S, F or K     -   X₂ is selected from: S, A, R or T     -   X₃ is selected from: Y, R, H, T, N, V, W or S     -   X₄ is selected from: N, D, M, Y, R, P, E, L, H, T, G or F     -   X₅ is selected from: T, S, P, Q, R, K, G, Q, A, D, M, N, L, F, Y         or E     -   X₆ is selected from: R, M, K, D, F, T, G, H, S, P, N, Q, Y, L, A         or P     -   X₇ is selected from: D, G, V, L, H, N, R, F, S or A     -   X₈ is selected from: G, S, E, D, P, Y or is absent     -   X₉ is selected from: Q, D, S, H or is absent     -   X₁₀ is selected from: D, V or is absent     -   X₁₁ is selected from: R, K, Q, N, S, G, W, M, H, L, F, E, T, P,         A, D or V     -   X₁₂ is selected from: M, R, E, G, N, D, S, A, Q, F, P, K, Y, T,         H, V, L or W     -   X₁₃ is selected from: E, W, P, R, K, S, V, N, D, H, G, T, Q, A,         Y, L or M     -   X₁₄ is selected from: D, R, Q, S, A, N, P, I, H, T, Y, E, L, K,         M, V, I, W or is absent     -   X₁₅ is selected from: G, S, I, L, A, V, T, E, D, Q, R, P, K, M,         H, Y or is absent     -   X₁₆ is selected from: K, G, R, A, T, V, S, I, E, Q, P, D, N, H         or is absent     -   X₁₇ is selected from: V, D, T, I or Y     -   X₁₈ is selected from: E, A, R, T or Q     -   X₁₉ is selected from: T, I or V     -   X₂₀ is selected from: Y, L or F     -   X₂₁ is selected from: N or S.

In a preferred embodiment, the residues X in formula I are independently selected from: X₁ to X₁₀ is TSYNTRD (i.e. wherein X₈ to X₁₀ are absent); X₁₁ to X₁₆ is RMED (i.e. wherein X₁₄ to X₁₆ are absent); X₁₇ is V; X₁₈ is E; X₁₉ is T; X₂₀ is Y and/or X₂₁ is N.

Preferably, the binding (poly)peptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 retains or essentially retains the binding capacity of the binding (poly)peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, i.e. the strength of binding to the respective target epitope is retained or essentially retained.

The Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) has a dissociation constant for its specific epitope on HER2 of 7×10⁻⁸ M when determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). For this, the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide is captured, for example by a His-tag specific antibody, which has been immobilized on a BIAcore sensor chip. Upon injection of the antigen containing the specific epitope, formation of the complex is monitored and kinetic association (k_(on)) and kinetic dissociation constants (k_(off)), or dissocation constants (K_(D)), are obtained by curve fitting using the software BIAcore evaluation software. Accordingly, the binding capacity of the binding (poly)peptide comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 is essentially retained if a dissociation constant, preferably under the same conditions, for HER2-binding of at least 1×10⁻⁴ M is retained, such as e.g. at least 1×10⁻⁵ M, more preferably at least at least 1×10⁻⁶M and most preferably at least 1×10⁻⁷ M. Also in accordance with the invention are binding (poly)peptides having an increased binding capacity compared to the binding (poly)peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, i.e. more than 100% activity. For example, envisaged herein are binding (poly)peptides having a dissociation constant of at least 1×10⁻⁸ M, such as e.g. at least 1×10⁻⁹ M, more preferably at least at least 1×10⁻¹⁰ M, such as e.g. at least 1×10⁻¹¹ M, even more preferably at least at least 1×10⁻¹²M and most preferably at least 1×10⁻¹³ M. Methods of assessing the binding capacity are well known in the art and include, without being limiting, surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques or ELISA.

As is shown in the appended examples, binding molecules comprising the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and a second binding specificity specifically bind to the tumor antigen HER2 and produce an improved inhibitory effect with the second binding (poly)peptide. Accordingly, it is preferred that the binding molecule of the invention comprises a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1.

As is evident from Example 14 herein below, the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) binds to an epitope of HER2 which is located within domain I of HER2 (SEQ ID NO: 172). The involved residues of the HER2 protein were determined using an alanine scanning approach and amino acid positions T166, R188, P197, 5202 and R203 of domain I of HER2 were found to be involved in binding between the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 and HER2.

Consequently in another preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the invention, the first binding (poly)peptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence which binds to an epitope within domain I of HER2 (SEQ ID NO: 172), and preferably an epitope within domain I of HER2 (SEQ ID NO: 172) comprising amino acid positions T166, R188, P197, 5202 and R203 thereof.

In another preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the invention, the second binding (poly)peptide is an antibody, wherein (i) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; (ii) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 160 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; (iii) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; or (iv) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163.

Exemplary nucleic acid molecules encoding the heavy and light chains of SEQ ID NOs: 154, 155, 160 and 163 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 165, 166, 168 and 169, respectively.

In accordance with this embodiment of the present invention, also encompassed in (iii) and (iv) are sequences having at least 65% sequence identity, such as at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85% and at least 90% sequence identity to the recited amino acid sequences. Even more preferably, the identity is at least 95%, such as at least 98%, at least 99% and most preferably at least 99.5% to the recited amino acid sequences.

More preferably, the antibody defined in (iii) or (iv) is an antibody wherein the variation in the sequence identity occurs solely in the variable domain of the antibodies, such that the constant region of the variant antibodies is identical to the constant region of the antibody as defined in (i) and (ii), respectively. The variable domains of the anti-HER2 antibody 1 used herein are located in amino acids 1 to 119 of SEQ ID NO:154 and amino acids 1 to 107 of SEQ ID NO:155 while the variable domains of the anti-HER2 antibody 2 used herein are located in amino acids 1 to 120 of SEQ ID NO:160 and amino acids 1 to 107 of SEQ ID NO:163. Even more preferably, the variation in the sequence identity occurs solely in the CDR domains of the antibodies, such that the remaining (non-CDR) regions of the variant antibodies is identical to the remaining (non-CDR) regions of the antibody as defined in (i) and (ii), respectively. The CDR domains of the anti-HER2 antibody 1 used herein are located in amino acids 31 to 35 (CDR1), 50 to 66 (CDR2) and 99 to 108 (CDR3) of SEQ ID NO:154 and amino acids 24 to 34 (CDR1), 50 to 56 (CDR2) and 89 to 97 (CDR3) of SEQ ID NO:155 while the CDR domains of the anti-HER2 antibody 2 used herein are located in amino acids 31 to 35 (CDR1), 50 to 66 (CDR2) and 99 to 109 (CDR3) of SEQ ID NO:160 and amino acids 24 to 34 (CDR1), 50 to 56 (CDR2) and 89 to 97 (CDR3) of SEQ ID NO:163.

All of the definition provided above with regard to the first binding (poly)peptide, for example with regard to the term “comprising” and the preferred amounts of sequence identity and methods of determining these, apply mutatis mutandis also to this second binding (poly)peptide of the binding molecule of the invention.

Furthermore, the second binding (poly)peptide defined in (iii) preferably retains or essentially retains the binding capacity of the binding (poly)peptide defined in (i) and the second binding (poly)peptide defined in (iv) preferably retains or essentially retains the binding capacity of the binding (poly)peptide defined in (ii). As defined herein above, the binding capacity of the binding (poly)peptide of (iii) or (iv) is essentially retained if at least 60% of its binding capacity is retained. Preferably, at least 75% or more preferably at least 80% of its binding capacity is retained. More preferred is that at least 90% such as at least 95%, even more preferred at least 98% such as at least 99% of the binding capacity of the binding (poly)peptide defined in (i) or (ii), respectively, is retained. Most preferred is that the binding capacity is fully, i.e. to 100%, retained. Also in accordance with the invention are binding (poly)peptides having an increased binding capacity compared to the binding (poly)peptides defined in (i) or (ii), respectively, i.e. more than 100% activity. Preferably, the binding capacity refers to the binding capacity of a binding (poly)peptide to HER2. Methods of assessing the binding capacity have been described herein above.

The antibodies as defined in (i) and (ii) of this embodiment have a dissociation constant for their specific epitope on HER2 of between 2×10⁻⁹ M to 2×10⁻¹⁰ M when determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). For this, the antibodies are captured by a human IgG-specific antibody which has been immobilized on a BIAcore sensor chip. Upon injection of the antigen containing the specific epitope, formation of the complex is monitored and kinetic association (k_(on)) and kinetic dissociation constants (k_(off)), or dissocation constants (K_(D)), are obtained by curve fitting using the software BIAcore evaluation software. Accordingly, the binding capacity of an antibody having at least 65% sequence identity to the antibody of (i) or (ii) is essentially retained if a dissociation constant, preferably measured under the same conditions, for HER2-binding of at least 1×10⁻⁵ M is retained, such as e.g. at least 1×10⁻⁶ M, more preferably at least at least 1×10⁻⁷ M, even more preferably at least 1×10⁻⁸ M and most preferably at least 1×10⁻⁹ M. Also in accordance with the invention are antibodies having an increased binding capacity compared to the antibodies of (i) or (ii), i.e. more than 100% activity. For example, envisaged herein are antibodies having a dissociation constant of at least 1×10⁻¹⁰ M, such as e.g. at least 1×10¹¹ M, more preferably at least at least 1×10⁻¹²M and most preferably at least 1×10⁻¹³ M.

Preferably, the second binding (poly)peptide is an antibody wherein the heavy chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.

Preferably, the first binding (poly)peptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the second binding (poly)peptide is an antibody wherein the heavy chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155. More preferred, the C-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 1 is linked to the N-terminal end of the light chain of said antibody, i.e. to SEQ ID NO: 155. In an even more preferred embodiment of the binding molecule of the invention, the first binding (poly)peptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 linked via a (Gly₄Ser)₃ linker to the second binding (poly)peptide, which is an antibody wherein the heavy chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155 and wherein the linker connects the C-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 1 with the N-terminal end of the light chain of the antibody, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 155. The amino acid sequence of this fusion protein of SEQ ID NO:1, the linker (Gly₄Ser)₃ and the light chain represented by SEQ ID NO:155 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 159 (an exemplary nucleic acid molecule encoding this amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 167). It will be appreciated that where an antibody comprising e.g. two light and two heavy chains is employed as the second binding (poly)peptide and wherein the first binding (poly)peptide is fused to either the light or heavy chain of said antibody, the resulting binding molecule in accordance with the present invention may comprise said one antibody and two first binding (poly)peptides, fused to each one of the two (either light or heavy) chains of the antibody. Examples of such binding molecules of the invention are described in the appended examples and are shown for example in FIG. 8 below.

As is shown in the appended examples, a binding molecule as defined above (also referred to herein as COVA208) provides superior antitumor activities on HER2-expressing tumors. The antitumor activity observed using the binding molecule of the invention is significantly higher than the inhibition of tumor activity obtained by the combined binding of two mono-specific binding proteins, wherein the first mono-specific binding protein is the bivalent Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide having SEQ ID NO:153 (i.e. the Fc-fusion of C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1)) and the second mono-specific binding protein is the anti-HER2 antibody 1 wherein the heavy chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155.

The present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding the binding molecule of the invention.

In accordance with the present invention the term “nucleic acid molecule”, also referred to as “polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid sequence” herein, defines a linear molecular chain consisting of more than 30 nucleotides. “Nucleic acid molecules”, in accordance with the present invention, include DNA, such as for example cDNA or genomic DNA, and RNA, for example mRNA. Further included are nucleic acid mimicking molecules known in the art such as for example synthetic or semi-synthetic derivatives of DNA or RNA and mixed polymers. Such nucleic acid mimicking molecules or nucleic acid derivatives according to the invention include phosphorothioate nucleic acid, phosphoramidate nucleic acid, 2′-O-methoxyethyl ribonucleic acid, morpholino nucleic acid, hexitol nucleic acid (HNA) and locked nucleic acid (LNA) (see Braasch and Corey, Chem Biol 2001, 8: 1). LNA is an RNA derivative in which the ribose ring is constrained by a methylene linkage between the 2′-oxygen and the 4′-carbon. They may contain additional non-natural or derivative nucleotide bases, as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.

It will be appreciated that the binding molecule of the present invention may be encoded by a single nucleic acid molecule or a plurality of nucleic acid molecules encoding parts of the binding molecule, such as e.g. the individual binding (poly)peptides or different chains of an antibody. Upon expression of these nucleic acid molecules, they form the binding molecule of the invention via non-covalent bonds such as for example hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals forces or hydrophobic interacts or via covalent bonds such as for example disulfide bonds.

For example, where the binding molecule is a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide bound to an antibody-fragment comprising e.g. of only the scFv fragment or dAb, then the binding molecule may be encoded by a single nucleic acid molecule. Where the binding molecule comprises a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide bound to a full-length antibody as shown in the appended examples, a first nucleic acid molecule may encode the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide and the chain of the antibody to which the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide is bound and a second nucleic acid molecule may encode the remaining chain of the antibody. Alternatively, a single nucleic acid molecule may encode also these separate polypeptide chains, for example when the encoding nucleic acid sequences are included in a vector comprising the respective regulatory elements for each of the encoding sequences. It will be appreciated that where several nucleic acid sequences (or vectors as described below) are employed to encode the binding molecule of the invention, the resulting expressed polypeptides may need to be brought into contact in order to form the binding molecules of the invention.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “nucleic acid molecule of the invention” encompasses both a single nucleic acid molecule as well as a plurality of nucleic acid molecules, as long as all the components of the binding molecule of the invention are encoded thereby.

The present invention further relates to a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the invention.

Preferably, the vector is a plasmid, cosmid, virus, bacteriophage or another vector used conventionally e.g. in genetic engineering.

The nucleic acid molecule of the present invention may be inserted into several commercially available vectors. Non-limiting examples include prokaryotic plasmid vectors, such as pQE-12, the pUC-series, pBluescript (Stratagene), the pET-series of expression vectors (Novagen) or pCRTOPO (Invitrogen), lambda gt11, pJOE, the pBBR1-MCS series, pJB861, pBSMuL, pBC2, pUCPKS, pTACT1 and vectors compatible with expression in mammalian cells like E-027 pCAG Kosak-Cherry (L45a) vector system, pREP (Invitrogen), pCEP4 (Invitrogen), pMC1neo (Stratagene), pXT1 (Stratagene), pSG5 (Stratagene), EBO-pSV2neo, pBPV-1, pdBPVMMTneo, pRSVgpt, pRSVneo, pSV2-dhfr, pIZD35, Okayama-Berg cDNA expression vector pcDV1 (Pharmacia), pRc/CMV, pcDNA1, pcDNA3 (Invitrogen), pcDNA3.1, pSPORT1 (GIBCO BRL), pGEMHE (Promega), pLXIN, pSIR (Clontech), pIRES-EGFP (Clontech), pEAK-10 (Edge Biosystems) pTriEx-Hygro (Novagen) and pCINeo (Promega). Examples for plasmid vectors suitable for Pichia pastoris comprise e.g. the plasmids pAO815, pPIC9K and pPIC3.5K (all Invitrogen). Another vector suitable for expressing proteins in Xenopus embryos, zebrafish embryos as well as a wide variety of mammalian and avian cells is the multipurpose expression vector pCS2+.

The nucleic acid molecule of the present invention referred to above may also be inserted into vectors such that a translational fusion with another nucleic acid molecule is generated. The other nucleic acid molecules may e.g. encode a protein that increases the solubility and/or facilitates the purification of the binding molecule encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the invention or a protein of interest that is to be observed by fluorescence imaging. Non-limiting examples of such vectors include pET32, pET41, pET43. The vectors may also contain an additional expressible polynucleotide coding for one or more chaperones to facilitate correct protein folding. Suitable bacterial expression hosts comprise e. g. strains derived from TG1, BL21 (such as BL21(DE3), BL21(DE3)PlysS, BL21(DE3)RIL, BL21(DE3)PRARE) or Rosettaâ.

For vector modification techniques, see Sambrook and Russel, 2001. Generally, vectors can contain one or more origins of replication (ori) and inheritance systems for cloning or expression, one or more markers for selection in the host, e.g., antibiotic resistance, and one or more expression cassettes. Suitable origins of replication include, for example, the Col E1, the SV40 viral and the M 13 origins of replication.

The coding sequences inserted in the vector can e.g. be synthesized by standard methods, or isolated from natural sources. Ligation of the coding sequences to transcriptional regulatory elements and/or to other amino acid encoding sequences can be carried out using established methods. Such regulatory sequences are well known to those skilled in the art and include, without being limiting, regulatory sequences ensuring the initiation of transcription, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) (Owens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001), 1471-1476) and optionally regulatory elements ensuring termination of transcription and stabilization of the transcript. Non-limiting examples for regulatory elements ensuring the initiation of transcription comprise a translation initiation codon, enhancers such as e.g. the SV40-enhancer, insulators and/or promoters, such as for example the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, SV40-promoter, RSV-promoter (Rous sarcome virus), the lacZ promoter, chicken beta-actin promoter, CAG-promoter (a combination of chicken beta-actin promoter and cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer), the gai10 promoter, human elongation factor 1α-promoter, AOX1 promoter, GAL1 promoter CaM-kinase promoter, the lac, trp or tac promoter, the lacUV5 promoter, the autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) polyhedral promoter or a globin intron in mammalian and other animal cells. The lac promoter is a typical inducible promoter, useful for prokaryotic cells, which can be induced using the lactose analogue isopropylthiol-b-D-galactoside (“IPTG”). Non-limiting examples for regulatory elements ensuring transcription termination include the V40-poly-A site, the tk-poly-A site or the SV40, lacZ or AcMNPV polyhedral polyadenylation signals, which are to be included downstream of the nucleic acid sequence of the invention. Additional regulatory elements may include translational enhancers, Kozak sequences and intervening sequences flanked by donor and acceptor sites for RNA splicing, nucleotide sequences encoding secretion signals or, depending on the expression system used, signal sequences capable of directing the expressed polypeptide to a cellular compartment. For example an N-terminal flanking sequence or “leader sequence”, which is also referred to as “signal peptide” in the art, may be included. The skilled person can choose suitable leader sequences without further ado. A leader sequence is preferably employed for the expression of any antibody chain (including light chain, heavy chain) or domain but is no longer required in the expressed, mature construct. Moreover, elements such as origin of replication, drug resistance gene, regulators (as part of an inducible promoter) may also be included.

An expression vector according to this invention is capable of directing the replication, and the expression of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention and the binding molecule encoded thereby.

The co-transfection with a selectable marker such as dhfr, gpt, neomycin, hygromycin allows the identification and isolation of the transfected cells. The transfected nucleic acid can also be amplified to express large amounts of the encoded binding molecule. The DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) marker is useful to develop cell lines that carry several hundred or even several thousand copies of the gene of interest. Another useful selection marker is the enzyme glutamine synthase (GS) (Murphy et al. 1991; Bebbington et al. 1992). Using these markers, the cells are grown in selective medium and the cells with the highest resistance are selected. Expression vectors will preferably include at least one selectable marker. Such markers include dihydrofolate reductase, G418 or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture and tetracycline, kanamycin or ampicillin resistance genes for culturing in E. coli and other bacteria.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention as described herein above may be designed for direct introduction or for introduction via electroporation (using for example Multiporator (Eppendorf) or Genepulser (BioRad)), PEI (Polysciences Inc. Warrington, Eppelheim), Ca²⁺-mediated transfection or via liposomes (for example: “Lipofectamine” (Invitrogen)), non-liposomal compounds (for example: “Fugene” (Roche)), liposomes, phage vectors or viral vectors (e.g. adenoviral, retroviral, lentiviral) into cells. Additionally, baculoviral systems or systems based on Vaccinia Virus or Semliki Forest Virus can also be used as vector in eukaryotic expression system for the nucleic acid molecules of the invention. Expression vectors derived from viruses such as retroviruses, vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus, herpes viruses, or bovine papilloma virus, may be used for delivery of the nucleic acid molecules or vector into targeted cell population. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct recombinant viral vectors; see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook, 2001 and Ausubel, 2001.

It will be appreciated that where the binding molecule of the invention is encoded by more than one nucleic acid molecule, said plurality of nucleic acid molecules may be comprised in one or in a plurality of vectors. The term “the vector of the invention” encompasses both a single vector as well as a plurality of vectors, as long as all the components of the binding molecule of the invention are encoded thereby.

The present invention further relates to a host cell or a non-human host transformed with the vector of the invention.

Said host or host cell may be produced by introducing the vector of the invention into a host or host cell, which upon its presence mediates the expression of the binding molecule encoded by the vector.

In accordance with the present invention, the host may be a transgenic non-human animal transfected with and/or expressing the vector of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the transgenic animal is a mammal, e.g. a hamster, cow, cat, pig, dog or horse.

In a preferred embodiment, the host is a cell, such as an isolated cell which may be part of a cell culture.

Suitable prokaryotic host cells comprise e.g. bacteria of the species Escherichia, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Salmonella typhimurium. Suitable eukaryotic host cells are e.g. fungal cells, inter alia, yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris or insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells and plant cells as well as mammalian cells. Appropriate culture mediums and conditions for the above-described host cells are known in the art.

Mammalian host cells include without being limiting human Hela, HEK293, H9 and Jurkat cells, mouse NIH3T3 and C127 cells, COS 1, COS 7 and CV1, quail QC1-3 cells, mouse L cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and Bowes melanoma cells. Alternatively, the binding molecule of the invention can be expressed in stable cell lines that contain the gene construct encompassing the nucleic acid molecule or the vector of the invention integrated into a chromosome.

In another preferred embodiment, said cell is a primary cell or primary cell line. Primary cells are cells which are directly obtained from an organism. Suitable primary cells are, for example, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, mouse primary hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes and neuronal cells as well as mouse muscle stem cells (satellite cells) and stable, immortalized cell lines derived thereof.

The present invention also relates to a method for the production of a binding molecule according to the invention comprising culture of the host cell of the invention under suitable conditions and isolation of the binding molecule produced by said host cell.

Suitable conditions for culturing a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host are well known to the person skilled in the art. For example, suitable conditions for culturing bacteria are growing them under aeration in Luria Bertani (LB) medium. To increase the yield and the solubility of the expression product, the medium can be buffered or supplemented with suitable additives known to enhance or facilitate both. E. coli can be cultured from 4 to about 37° C., the exact temperature or sequence of temperatures depends on the molecule to be over-expressed. In general, the skilled person is also aware that these conditions may have to be adapted to the needs of the host and the requirements of the binding molecule expressed. In case an inducible promoter controls the nucleic acid molecule of the invention in the vector present in the host cell, expression of the binding molecule can be induced by addition of an appropriate inducing agent. Suitable expression protocols and strategies are known to the skilled person.

Depending on the cell type and its specific requirements, mammalian cell cultures can e.g. be carried out in RPMI or DMEM medium containing 10% (v/v) FCS, 2 mM L-glutamine and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycine. The cells can be kept at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂, water saturated atmosphere.

Suitable media for insect cell culture is e.g. TNM+10% FCS or SF900 medium. Insect cells are usually grown at 27° C. as adhesion or suspension culture. Suitable expression protocols for eukaryotic cells are well known to the skilled person and can be retrieved e.g. from in Sambrook, 2001, loc cit.

Methods of isolating the binding molecule produced are well-known in the art and comprise without being limiting method steps such as ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography (size exclusion chromatography), affinity chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), reversed phase HPLC, disc gel electrophoresis or immunoprecipitation, see, for example, in Sambrook, 2001, loc. cit.

The present invention also provides a composition comprising at least one of (i) the binding molecule of the invention, (ii) the nucleic acid molecule of the invention; (iii) the vector of the invention or (iv) the host cell of the invention.

The term “composition”, as used in accordance with the present invention, relates to a composition which comprises at least one of the recited compounds. It may, optionally, comprise further molecules capable of altering the characteristics of the compounds of the invention thereby, for example, stabilizing, modulating and/or enhancing their function. The composition may be in solid or liquid form and may be, inter alia, in the form of (a) powder(s), (a) tablet(s) or (a) solution(s).

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition optionally further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “pharmaceutical composition” relates to a composition for administration to a patient, preferably a human patient. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises the compounds recited above. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may, optionally and additionally, comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. By “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is meant a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are well known in the art and include sodium chloride solutions, phosphate buffered sodium chloride solutions, water, emulsions, such as oil/water emulsions, various types of wetting agents, sterile solutions, organic solvents etc. Preferably the carrier is a parenteral carrier, more preferably a solution that is isotonic with the blood of the recipient. The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection and infusion. The carrier suitably contains minor amounts of additives such as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability. Such materials are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, succinate, acetic acid, and other organic acids or their salts; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about ten residues) (poly)peptides, e.g., polyarginine or tripeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or further immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids, such as glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or arginine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including cellulose or its derivatives, glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates, poloxamers, or PEG.

Compositions comprising such carriers can be formulated by well known conventional methods. Generally, the formulations are prepared by contacting the components of the pharmaceutical composition uniformly and intimately with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. Then, if necessary, the product is shaped into the desired formulation.

These pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to the subject at a suitable dose. The dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician and clinical factors. As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors, including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. The therapeutically effective amount for a given situation will readily be determined by routine experimentation and is within the skills and judgment of the ordinary clinician or physician. The pharmaceutical composition may be for administration once or for a regular administration over a prolonged period of time. Generally, the administration of the pharmaceutical composition should be in the range of for example 10 μg/kg of body weight to 2 g/kg of body weight for a single dose. However, a more preferred dosage might be in the range of 100 μg/kg to 1.5 g/kg of body weight, even more preferably 1 mg/kg to 1 g/kg of body weight and even more preferably 5 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg of body weight for a single dose.

Administration of pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be effected by different ways, e.g., by intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intranasal or intrabronchial administration.

The components of the pharmaceutical composition to be used for therapeutic administration must be sterile. Sterility is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes (e.g., 0.2 micron membranes).

The components of the pharmaceutical composition ordinarily will be stored in unit or multi-dose containers, for example, sealed ampoules or vials, as an aqueous solution or as a lyophilized formulation for reconstitution. As an example of a lyophilized formulation, 10-ml vials are filled with 5 ml of sterile-filtered 1% (w/v) aqueous solution, and the resulting mixture is lyophilized. The infusion solution is prepared by reconstituting the lyophilized compound(s) using bacteriostatic water-for-injection. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, anti oxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like. The pharmaceutical composition may comprise further agents depending on the intended use of the pharmaceutical composition.

The pharmaceutical composition may be particularly useful for the treatment of tumors, as disclosed below.

In another preferred embodiment, the composition of the invention is a diagnostic composition.

In accordance with the present invention, the term “diagnostic composition” relates to compositions for diagnosing individual patients for their potential response to or curability by the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. The diagnostic composition of the invention comprises the compounds recited above. The diagnostic composition may further comprise appropriate buffer(s) etc. The diagnostic compositions may be packaged in a container or a plurality of containers.

The present invention further relates to the binding molecule of the invention, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention or the vector of the invention for use in the treatment of tumors.

The term “tumor”, in accordance with the present invention refers to a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and encompasses all types of tumors, such as e.g. cancerous tumors and benign tumors as well as solid tumors and non-solid tumors. Cancerous tumors are further characterized by the ability of these tumors to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where tumor cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system).

Preferably, the tumor is a cancerous tumor selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, salivary gland cancer, endometrium cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, cancer concerning the upper gastrointestinal tract, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervical cancer, glioblastomas, malignant ascites, lymphomas and leukemias.

All of the cancer types described herein are well known to the skilled person and are defined in accordance with the pertinent art and the common general knowledge of the skilled person.

EXAMPLES

The examples illustrate the invention:

Example 1: Fyn SH3 Derived Polypeptides Bind to HER2

Methods

1) Phage ELISA on Recombinant HER2 Protein

DNA encoding the amino acids shown in SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 121 were cloned into the phagemid vector pHEN1 as described for the Fyn SH3 library in Grabulovski et al. (Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204). Phage production was performed according to standard protocols (Viti, F. et al. (2000) Methods Enzymol. 326, 480-505). Monoclonal bacterial supernatants containing phages were used for ELISA: biotinylated extracellular domain of HER2 comprising amino acids 23-652 of the full-length protein (purchased from Bender Medsystems, or from R&D as fusion to human Fcγ1; biotinylation was performed with sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's instructions) was immobilized on streptavidin-coated wells (StreptaWells, High Bind, Roche), and after blocking with 2% milk (Rapilait, Migros, Switzerland) in PBS, 20 μl of 10% milk in PBS and 80 μl of phage supernatants were applied. After incubation for 1 hr, unbound phage were washed off, and bound phages were detected with anti-M13-HRP antibody conjugate (GE Healthcare). The detection of peroxidase activity was done by adding BM blue POD substrate (Roche) and the reaction was stopped by adding 1 M H₂SO₄. The phage ELISA positive clones were tested by phage ELISA for the absence of cross reactivity to Streptavidin (StreptaWells, High Bind, Roche) and to human IgG (Sigma).

The DNA sequence of the specific binders was verified by DNA sequencing.

2) FACS Experiment on HER2 Overexpressing SKOV-3 Cells

DNA encoding the polypeptides shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 8 and SEQ ID NOs: 122-152 were subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pQE12 so that the resulting constructs carried a C-terminal myc-hexahistidine tag (SEQ ID NO: 162) as described in Grabulovski et al. (Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204). The polypeptides were expressed in the cytosol of E. coli bacteria, and 1.8 ml of cleared lysate was prepared per ml original culture. 100 μl cleared lysate containing the polypeptides was mixed with 100 μl cell suspension containing 1.25×10⁵ SKOV-3 cells in PBS/1% FCS/0.2% sodium azide. After 60 min incubation on ice, cells were washed, and bound sequences were detected by 10 μg/ml anti-myc mouse antibody 9E10 (Roche), followed by anti-mouse IgG-Alexa488 conjugate (Invitrogen). The stained cells were then analyzed in a FACS analyzer. The DNA sequence of the specific binders was verified by DNA sequencing.

Results:

The amino acid sequences of Fyn SH3 derived HER2 binders is presented in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 152 as appended in the sequence listing.

Example 2: Fyn SH3 Derived Polypeptides Bind to Other Epitopes on HER2 Compared to Anti-HER2 Antibodies

Methods:

The DNA sequences encoding FynSH3-derived clones C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and G10 (SEQ ID NO: 2) were subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pQE12 so that the resulting constructs carried a C-terminal myc-hexahistidine tag (SEQ ID NO: 162), and the two constructs were expressed and purified by means of the hexahistidine tag as described in Grabulovski et al. (Grabulovski et al. (2007) JBC, 282, p. 3196-3204).

The heavy and light chains (SEQ ID NO: 154 and SEQ ID NO: 155) of the anti-HER2 antibody 1 and the anti-HER2 antibody 2 (SEQ ID NO: 160 and SEQ ID NO: 163) were transiently co-expressed in CHO cells. The antibodies were purified from the culture supernatant by affinity chromatography on a MabSelect SuRe column (GE healthcare).

10⁵ BT-474 cells (ATCC) were pre-incubated with an excess of 1 μM anti-HER2 antibody 1, anti-HER2 antibody 2, or PBS for 60 min on ice. Subsequently, 300 nM C12 or G10 plus 20 nM mouse anti-myc antibody 9E10 (Roche) were added to the cells without washing off the blocking antibodies. After 45 min incubation, cells were washed and bound C12/9E10- and G10/9E10 complexes were detected with anti-mouse IgG-Alexa488 conjugate. The cells were analyzed by FACS. Binding of C12 and G10 to anti-HER2 antibody 1 or anti-HER2 antibody 2-blocked cell surface was compared against binding to non-blocked cells. In order to analyze the efficacy of the epitope blockade by anti-HER2 antibody 1 and 2, 25 nM biotinylated antibody (biotinylation was performed with sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin (Pierce) according to the manufacturer's instructions) was added to the pre-blocked cells, followed by detection with Streptavidin-allophycocyanin conjugate.

Results:

The results of the experiments are shown in FIG. 1. Preblocking with either of the antibodies drastically reduced binding of the corresponding biotinylated antibodies, indicating that the preblocking step efficiently and specifically blocked the epitopes of the two different antibodies (FIG. 1B).

Binding of C12 and of G10 was not affected by preblocking with anti-HER2 antibody 1 nor with anti-HER2 antibody 2, indicating that both clones bind to an epitope different to anti-HER2 antibody 1 and anti-HER2 antibody 2 (FIG. 1A).

Example 3: The Inventive Binding Molecules have a Stronger Antiproliferative Effect than the Combination of the Individual Binding Proteins

HER2 targeting molecules with two different binding specificities were created by fusion of C12 via a glycine-serine (Gly₄Ser)₃ linker to the N-terminus of the light chain of anti-HER2 antibody 1 (resulting in the protein termed COVA208) or anti-HER2 antibody 2 (termed COVA210).

Methods:

Anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NO: 154 and SEQ ID NO:155), anti-HER2 antibody 2 (SEQ ID NO: 160 and SEQ ID NO: 163), COVA208 (SEQ ID NO: 154 and SEQ ID NO:159) and COVA210 (SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 161) were transiently co-expressed in CHO cells and purified from the culture supernatant by affinity chromatography on a MabSelect SuRe column (GE healthcare). A bivalent monospecific format of clone C12 was created by fusion via a (Gly₄Ser)₃ to the C-terminus of human Fcγ1, resulting in Fc-C12 (SEQ ID NO: 153). The protein was expressed and purified as described above for anti-HER2 antibody 1, anti-HER2 antibody 2, COVA208 and COVA210.

The growth inhibitory effect of the HER2 targeting constructs was investigated in vitro on the NCI-N87 tumor cell line (purchased from ATCC). This human HER2 overexpressing gastric cell line was grown in RPMI1640 (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; heat inactivated at 56° C. for 45 min). 7000 cells in 100 μl growth medium per well were seeded into a 96-well plate. After incubation at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 24 h, 20 μl of the anti-HER2 constructs Fc-C12, COVA208, COVA210, anti-HER2 antibody 1 or anti-HER2 antibody 2, or combinations of the agents, were added. Each condition was performed in triplicate, and the agents were added in three-fold serial dilutions at concentrations between 300 nM and 0.015 nM. For combinations, each agent was used at the indicated concentration (e.g. 300 nM Fc-C12+300 nM anti-HER2 antibody 1). After 5 days, the viability of the treated cultures was analyzed with XTT (Roche). The XTT reagent is converted by metabolically active cells into a colored formazan product which absorbs light at 450 nm wavelength. The absorbance directly correlates with the live cell number. The % viability relative to PBS treated cells was calculated according to the formula:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {viability}} = {\left( \frac{{OD}_{experimental} - {OD}_{blank}}{{OD}_{untreated} - {OD}_{blank}} \right) \times 100}$

The average % viability was plotted against log₁₀(concentration), and the resulting dose-response curves were analyzed by nonlinear regression with the software Prism, using the three parameter equation:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {viability}} = {{bottom} + \frac{{top} - {bottom}}{1 + 10^{x - {LogIC}_{50}}}}$

Results:

The fusion of Fyn SH3 derived binder C12 to the C-terminus of human Fcγ1, Fc-C12, did not have any effect on cell viability (FIGS. 2A and 2C). When added in combination with anti-HER2 antibody 1 or anti-HER2 antibody 2, Fc-C12 did not increase or decrease the activity of these two antibodies significantly (FIGS. 2A and 2C). However, when clone C12 was fused to the N-terminus of the light chain of the anti-HER2 antibody 1 (COVA208) or anti-HER2 antibody 2 (COVA210) to generate molecules with two different binding specificities for an antigen, it increased the antiproliferative effect of the unmodified corresponding antibodies (FIGS. 2B and 2D).

In summary, these results show that the molecules COVA208 and COVA210 are superior to the combination of the individual monospecific binding proteins.

Example 4: The Anti-Proliferative Activity of Anti-HER2 Fynomer-Antibody Fusions is Different Depending on the Relative Orientation of the Fynomer and the Binding Site of the Antibody

Several different C12—antibody fusions were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of NCI-N87 tumor cells in order to investigate the influence of the fusion site where the Fyn SH3-derived sequence is attached to the antibody.

Methods:

COVA201 (SEQ ID NO:156; SEQ ID NO:155), COVA202 (SEQ ID NO:154; SEQ ID NO:157), COVA207 (SEQ ID NO:158; SEQ ID NO:155) and COVA208 (SEQ ID NO:154; SEQ ID NO:159) are all C12-anti-HER2 antibody 1 fusions in which the clone C12 is fused to either the C-terminus of the heavy chain (COVA201), C-terminus of the light chain (COVA202), N-terminus of the heavy chain (COVA207) and N-terminus of the light chain (COVA208). Expression and purification was performed as described for COVA208 in Example 3. The cell growth inhibition assay was performed on NCI-N87 cells as described in Example 3.

Results:

The different C12-anti-HER2 antibody 1 formats were found to exhibit different activities (FIGS. 3A and 3B). COVA208 was most efficacious at inhibiting tumor cell growth and reduced the relative viability to 37%. COVA207 and COVA201 showed intermediate activity (viability: 52% and 61%, respectively) while COVA202 was less active and reduced the viability to 67%, but was still better than anti-HER2 antibody 1 (81-82% viability).

These results show that fusions of one pair of a Fyn SH3-derived sequence and an antibody have different activities, depending on the site of fusion and that the N-terminal light chain fusion of C12 to anti-HER2 antibody 1 (=COVA208) showed the strongest anti-proliferative efficacy.

Example 5: COVA208 Inhibits the Growth of BT-474 Cells with Higher Efficacy than Anti-HER2 Antibody 1

Methods:

The tumor cell growth inhibition of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) was compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NO: 154 and 155) on the human breast tumor cell line BT-474 (purchased from ATCC). This HER2 overexpressing cell line is one of the best characterized models to study the activity of HER2 targeted agents. BT-474 cells were grown in DMEM/F12 medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Gibco) and 10 μg/ml human recombinant insulin. The assay was performed as described in Example 3 for NCI-N87 cells.

Results:

COVA208 showed better antiproliferative activity than the anti-HER2 antibody 1 (FIG. 4).

Example 6: COVA208 Inhibits NCI-N87 Tumor Growth In Vivo More Efficiently than the Anti-HER2 Antibody 1

COVA208 was investigated in vivo for tumor growth inhibition and compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1.

Methods:

5×10⁶ human gastric tumor cells (ATCC; CRL-5822) were implanted s.c. into athymic CD-1 Nude mice (Charles River). Tumor dimensions and body weights were recorded three times weekly. The tumor volume was calculated according to the formula volume=(width)²×length×π/6. When the average tumor size reached about 140 mm³, which was 42 days after tumor inoculation, mice were randomized into three treatment groups comprising six mice each, and the treatment was initiated. COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) and anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155) were administered i.p. once a week for four weeks (five injections in total). The first (loading) dose was 30 mg/kg, and each following (maintenance) dose was 15 mg/kg. Mice in the control group were injected with PBS.

Results:

Anti-HER2 antibody 1 treatment resulted in only weak tumor growth inhibition (FIG. 5). COVA208 showed improved tumor growth control for the duration of the treatment compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1. On day 32, the tumors in COVA208 treated mice were reduced in volume by 8% compared to the initial tumor size at the beginning of the treatment (d=0), whereas the anti-HER2 antibody 1-treated mice showed an increase in volume by 88%.

This result demonstrates that COVA208 shows significant superior efficacy in vivo compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1.

Example 7: COVA208 Exhibits an Antibody-Like PK Profile In Vivo

Methods:

The pharmacokinetic profile of COVA208 in C57BL/6 mice (Charles River) was investigated and compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1. Three C57BL/6 mice were injected i.v. with 200 μg COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) or anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155). After 10 min, 6, 24, 48, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours, blood was collected into EDTA coated microvettes (Sarstedt), centrifuged for 10 min at 9300 g and the serum levels of COVA208 or anti-HER2 antibody 1 were determined by ELISA. Black maxisorp microtiter plates (Nunc) were coated with 50 nM HER2 ECD (Bender MedSystems). After blocking with 4% milk (Rapilait, Migros, Switzerland) in PBS, 40 μl of PBS and 10 μl of serum at appropriate dilution were applied. After incubation for 1 hr, wells were washed with PBS, and bound COVA208 or anti-HER2 antibody 1 were detected with protein A-HRP conjugate (Sigma). The assay was developed with QuantaRed fluorogenic substrate (Pierce) and the fluorescence intensity was measured after 5 to 10 min at 544 nm (excitation) and 590 nm (emission). The serum levels of COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1 were determined using a standard curve of COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1 (diluted to 333-0.5 ng/ml each). From the concentrations of COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1 determined in serum at different time points and the resulting slope k of the elimination phase (plotted in a semi-logarithmic scale), the half-lives were calculated using to the formula t^(1/2)=ln2/−k.

Results:

As shown in FIG. 6, the half-lives of COVA208 and the anti-HER2 antibody 1 as determined from the elimination phase (beta phase, time-points 24 h-168 h) were highly similar (247 and 187 h, respectively). These data demonstrate that COVA208 has drug-like in vivo PK properties.

Example 8: COVA208 is Stable and does not Aggregate

The integrity and stability of COVA208 was assessed by SDS-PAGE and by size exclusion chromatography.

Methods

Purified COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) and anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. 4 μg protein were loaded either with reduced or with nonreduced disulphide bonds onto a 4-12% Bis/Tris Novex gel in lx MOPS running buffer (Invitrogen), together with a molecular weight marker (RPN800e; GE healthcare). Protein bands were visualized by coomassie staining.

The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) profile of COVA208 was determined immediately after purification as well as after storage of the protein in PBS at 4° C. for one or two months. 100 μl COVA208 at a concentration of 1.75 mg/mL was loaded onto a Superdex 200 10/300 GL column in PBS (GE healthcare) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, and the elution from the column was monitored by reading the OD₂₈₀.

Results:

The results of the SDS-PAGE and the SEC profiles of COVA208 are shown in FIG. 7. COVA208 runs in clearly defined bands at the expected molecular weight on an SDS-PAGE (top). Of particular interest is the finding that there is no native light chain detectable in COVA208 (MW around 30 kDa), indicating that there is no cleavage of the Fyn SH3-derived clone C12 from the antibody light chain.

COVA208 eluted in one main peak form the SEC column with a retention volume of 13.1 ml (bottom). Anti-HER2 antibody 1 eluted at 13.2 ml. Most importantly, no aggregates, which would elute at around 8 ml, were detectable in the COVA208 protein preparation.

The SEC profile of COVA208 did not change over two months of storage at 4° C. The elution peak remained narrow, symmetrical and appeared at the same retention volume. The protein preparation remained free of aggregates after 1 and 2 months of storage. This indicates that COVA208 remains stable over extended periods of storage at 4° C. In summary, these results support that COVA208 is a stable, monodisperse molecule with optimal biophysical properties.

Example 9: COVA208 has Superior Growth Inhibitory Activity as Compared to Anti-HER2 Antibody 1 on a Panel of Ten HER2-Expressing Tumor Cell Lines

The anti-proliferative activity of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) was compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155) on different HER2 positive cell lines. XTT assays were performed essentially as described in example 3. The cell lines used in this experiment and the experimental conditions are given in Table 1. Dose-response curves were fitted to the three parameter equation as described in example 3, and the maximal growth inhibition was calculated with the formula:

Maximum level of inhibition (%)=100%−bottom

with the variable bottom derived from the nonlinear regression of the dose-response curves using the formula:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {viability}} = {{bottom} + \frac{{top} - {bottom}}{1 + 10^{x - {LogIC}_{50}}}}$

The results of these assays are shown in FIG. 9. FIGS. 9A and 9B show dose-response curves obtained on the 0E19 and on the Calu-3 cell lines, respectively. FIG. 9C represents the maximal growth inhibition obtained on each cell line with COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1, including the results on NCI-N87 and BT-474 cell lines shown in FIGS. 2 and 4. COVA208 shows improved anti-proliferative activity as compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1 on all 10 cell lines.

Example 10: COVA208 Induces Apoptosis in NCI-N87 Gastric Cancer Cells

The ability of COVA208 to induce apoptosis was investigated on NCI-N87 cells by analyzing caspase 3/7 enzymatic activity and by detecting DNA fragmentation by TUNEL staining.

Methods

Caspase 3/7 assay: 45′000 NCI-N87 cells were seeded into the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate. One day later, 100 nM anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155), COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) or PBS were added to the cells in triplicate. As positive control, 1 μM staurosporine was added. After two days incubation, the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-7 was determined using the fluorescence Apo-ONE® homogenous caspase-3/7 kit (Pierce).

The viability of the treated cultures was analyzed by XTT in parallel on replica plates, and the % viability relative to PBS treated samples was calculated as described in example 3.

Caspase 3/7 activity was divided by % viability to obtain the normalized caspase 3/7 activity.

TUNEL assay: 0.8×10⁶ NCI-N87 cells in 2 mL were distributed in 6-well plates. On the next day, 300 nM anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155), COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) or PBS were added to the cells. As positive control, 1 μM staurosporine was added. After three days incubation, cells were detached, formalin-fixed, permeabilized in 70% ice-cold ethanol and the 3′-hydroxyl DNA ends labeled with fluorescein-deoxyuridine triphosphate (FITC-dUTP), using the APO-DIRECT kit (Phoenix flow systems). Labeled cells were analyzed by FACS, and the % TUNEL-positive cells determined by gating on the FITC-dUTP positive cell population.

Results

The results of the caspase 3/7 assay are shown in FIG. 10A. COVA208 resulted in increased caspase 3/7 activity, indicating that COVA208 induced apoptosis in NCI-N87 cells. Anti-HER2 antibody 1 did not result in induced caspase 3/7 activity.

The results of the TUNEL assay are shown in FIG. 10B. COVA208 induces DNA fragmentation in the majority of cells, further supporting that it is capable of inducing apoptosis, whereas anti-HER2 antibody 1 is not.

Example 11: COVA208 Inhibits Ligand-Dependent and Ligand-Independent HER2-Mediated Signalling

Activation of HER2 downstream signaling leads to phosphorylation of HER3, resulting in the activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, or to the activation of the MAPK/Erk pathway. In tumor cell lines that display sufficiently high surface density of HER2, these downstream pathways are constitutively activated in the absence of HER3 ligands (ligand-independent signaling). In addition to ligand-independent activation of HER2 downstream signalling, the downstream pathways can also be activated by HER3 ligands which promote HER2-HER3 heterodimer formation (ligand-dependent signaling).

In order to investigate the effects of COVA208 on HER2 downstream signaling, HER2-overexpressing NCI-N87 cells were treated with COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159), anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155), anti-HER2 antibody 2 (SEQ ID NOs: 160 and 163), or PBS, and the cell lysates were analyzed for phospho-proteins by immunoblotting.

The assay was also performed on HER2 low-expressing MCF-7 cells, in which HER2 downstream phosphorylation is triggered only after addition of the HER3 ligand heregulin-10.

Methods

NCI-N87 cells (ATCC; CRL-5822) were distributed in 6-well culture dishes in complete medium at 1×10⁶ cells in 3 mL per well. After overnight incubation at 37° C./5% CO₂, 40 μg/mL anti-HER2 agents were added and the cells were incubated at 37° C./5% CO₂ for 72 h. Cells were subsequently lysed on ice in cell lysis buffer containing 1% Triton-X, protease inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails (Roche Applied Sciences).

MCF-7 cells (ATCC; HTB-22) were cultured in MEM (Gibco)+10% FBS (Gibco). Cells were distributed in 6-well culture dishes at 0.5×10⁶ cells in 3 mL per well. After overnight incubation at 37° C./5% CO₂, cells were starved in medium without serum for 3 h. 40 μg/mL anti-HER2 agents were then added for 1 h during which the cells were kept at 37° C./5% CO₂. After 45 min, 2 nM human recombinant heregulin-1β (R&D systems) was added for 15 min. Cells were subsequently lysed on ice in cell lysis buffer containing 1% Triton-X, protease inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails (Roche Applied Sciences).

Total cell lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 16′000×g for 10 min at 4° C. and the protein concentration in the cleared lysates was determined by Bradford assay (Bio-Rad). 10 μg of protein were separated on Novex® 4-12% Bis-Tris gels (Invitrogen) and transferred onto PVDF membrane.

Phospho-proteins were detected on PVDF membrane with antibodies against pHER3^(Y1289) (Millipore), pAkt^(S473) (CST) or pErk1/2^(T202/Y204) (CST), followed by secondary HRP-conjugated antibodies (Jackson Immuno Research). Vinculin was detected with a vinculin-specific antibody (Millipore) and served as loading control. The immunoblots were developed with ECD prime chemiluminescent HRP substrate (GE healthcare) and exposed onto X-Ray film.

Results:

The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. 11. In MCF-7 cells, in which activation of HER2 downstream signaling requires HER3 ligands, COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1 both block phosphorylation of HER3, Akt and Erk1/2 equally well, indicating that COVA208 retained the activity of its parental antibody. In contrast, anti-HER2 antibody 2 does not block ligand-induced phosphorylation of HER3, Akt or Erk1/2.

In NCI-N87 cells, where phosphorylation of HER2 downstream signaling proteins occurs independent of HER3 ligands, COVA208 efficiently blocks phosphorylation of HER3, Akt or Erk1/2, whereas anti-HER2 antibody 1 does not block phosphorylation. Anti-HER2 antibody 2 is also capable of efficiently blocking HER2 signaling under these conditions. These results indicate that COVA208 blocks ligand-dependent as well as ligand-independent HER2 downstream signalling events, in contrast to anti-HER2 antibodies 1 and 2, which block one but not the other.

Example 12: COVA208 is Internalized by NCI-N87 Cells

In order to investigate whether COVA208 promotes internalization of the HER2 receptor in vitro, NCI-N87 cells were cultured in the presence of COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159) or with anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155) followed by fixation and permeabilization of the cells and subsequent detection of the anti-HER2 agents by means of a fluorescent secondary antibody. Microscopic imaging was used to assess the sub-cellular distribution of the fluorescent signal.

Methods

NCI-N87 cells grown in Lab-Tek II CC² chamber slide wells were surface labelled on ice for 1 h with 100 nM COVA208 or anti-HER2 antibody 1. Unbound anti-HER2 agent was then washed off. As positive control, 1 μM geldanamycin (Hsp90 inhibitor) which causes rapid internalization of HER2 was added to some wells. The cells were transferred to 37° C./5% CO₂ for 0 h or 5 h to allow for internalization, then fixed with formalin and permeabilized with saponin. An Alexa488-labeled anti-human IgG antibody (Invitrogen) was used to detect anti-HER2 agents on permeabilized cells, and nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye. The stained cells were analyzed on a Leica TCS SP2-AOBS laser scanning confocal microscope. Optical sections (z-stacks, d=0.2 μm) were collected and three regions were analyzed. The amount of anti-HER2 agents which localized into distinct dots was quantified with the software Imaris 7.4.0 (Bitplane), using the surface tool of Imaris to detected spheroid dots, and expressing the percentage of anti-HER2 agents present in dots:

% anti-HER2agents in dots=(volume of dots/volume of total anti HER2staining)×100

Results

After surface labelling and before incubation at 37° C., COVA208 and anti-HER2 antibody 1 localized to the cell membrane. After 5 hours incubation at 37° C., COVA208 was present in distinct dots within the cytosol, while the cell membrane was only very weakly stained. In contrast, the anti-HER2 antibody 1 was confined to the cell membrane after 5 h incubation at 37° C., and only very few dots in the cytosol were detected. If co-incubated with geldanamycin, anti-HER2 antibody 1 was also found in dots and the cell membrane was negative for the antibody. These results indicate that unlike anti-HER2 antibody 1, COVA208 rapidly internalizes into NCI-N87 cells.

The quantification of the % staining appearing within dots is shown in FIG. 12. The majority of COVA208 localizes into dots, whereas only a small fraction of anti-HER2 antibody 1 is found in dots.

Example 13: COVA208 Inhibits KPL-4 Breast Tumor Growth In Vivo More Efficiently than the Anti-HER2 Antibody 1

COVA208 was investigated in vivo in KPL-4 breast tumors for growth inhibition and compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1.

Methods:

3×10⁶ human KPL-4 breast tumor cells (Kurebayashi et al. (1999) Br. J. Cancer. 79; 707-717) were implanted into the mammary fat pad of female SCID beige mice (Charles River). Tumor dimensions and body weights were recorded three times weekly. The tumor volume was calculated according to the formula volume=(width)²×length×π/6. When the average tumor size reached 70 mm³, mice were randomized into three treatment groups comprising eight mice each, and the treatment was initiated. COVA208 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 159), anti-HER2 antibody 1 (SEQ ID NOs: 154 and 155) or PBS were administered i.p. once a week for four weeks (five injections in total). The first (loading) dose was 30 mg/kg, and each following (maintenance) dose was 15 mg/kg.

Results:

Anti-HER2 antibody 1 treatment resulted in very weak tumor growth inhibition only (FIG. 13). COVA208 showed significantly improved tumor growth control. This result further supports that COVA208 shows significantly superior efficacy in vivo compared to anti-HER2 antibody 1.

Example 14: Determination of the HER2 Epitope Bound by the Fyn SH3-Derived Polypeptide C12

The epitope bound by the Fyn SH3-derived clone C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) on HER2 was identified by an alanine scanning mutation approach and was performed at Integral Molecular Inc. (Philadelphia, USA). A shotgun mutagenesis mutation library was created as described in Paes et al (2009) J Am Chem Soc 131(20): 6952-6954. Briefly, a eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding full-length human HER2 was constructed with a C-terminal V5His epitope tag. Using the parental cDNA construct as a template, alanine scanning mutations were introduced into the extracellular domain of HER2 (amino acids 23-652 of SEQ ID NO: 171) using PCR-based mutagenesis. Residues which were already alanine in the parental construct were mutated to methionine. Mutated constructs and the parental HER2 control construct were expressed in HEK-293T cells. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were washed in PBS and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde. Cells were incubated with control anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (MAB1129, R&D Systems) or with Fyn SH3-derived clone C12 (expressed as N-terminal Fc fusion) in PBS with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ (PBS++) and 10% Normal Goat Serum (NGS) for 1 hour. After two washes in PBS, cells were incubated with goat anti-human Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibodies (Jackson, West Grove, Pa.) in PBS++ and NGS for 1 hour, followed by 2 washes in PBS. Microplates were measured by flow cytometry using the Intellicyt HTFC Screening System and quantified using Forecyt software (Intellicyt Corporation, Albuquerque, N. Mex.).

It has been found that the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) binds to an epitope of HER2 which is located within domain I of HER2 (SEQ ID NO: 172). In more detail, five alanine scanning mutations were identified which resulted in markedly reduced binding of the binding molecules comprising the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 (SEQ ID NO: 1) while binding of the control antibody MAB1129 was retained. These mutations included T166A, R188A, P197A, 5202A and R203A as compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172. In other terms, at least amino acid positions T166, R188, P197, 5202 and R203 of domain I of HER2 are involved in binding between the Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide C12 and HER2.

TABLE 1 HER2 expressing cell lines used in in vitro proliferation assays described in FIG. 9 and the conditions applied in the in vitro proliferation assays. XTT assay conditions incuation time with cells/well anti-HER2 Cell line Description Distributor growth medium seeded agents NCI-N87 gastric carcinoma, liver metastasis ATCC RPMI1640 + 10% FBS 7000 5 days BT-474 breast, ductal carcinoma ATCC DMEM/F12 + insulin + 7000 5 days 10% FBS KPL-4 breast, malignant pleural effusion Prof. Kurebayashi * DMEM + 10% FBS 2000 3 days OE19 gastric (oesophagal carcinoma) hpa cultures RPMI1640 + 10% FBS 5000 5 days Calu-3 pleural effusion of lung adenocarcinoma ATCC MEM + 10% FBS 5000 5 days SKOV-3 ovarian adenocarcinoma, ascites ATCC modified McCoy5a + 2000 3 days 10% FBS MDA-MB-453 pericardial effusion of metastatic breast carc. ATCC DMEM + 10% FBS 2000 5 days HCC202 primary ductal carcinoma ATCC RPMI1640 + 10% FBS 5000 5 days ZR-75-30 breast, ductal carcinoma, malignant ascites ATCC RPMI1640 + 10% FBS 5000 5 days MDA-MB-175-VII pleural effusion of ductal carcinoma ATCC DMEM + 10% FBS 5000 5 days * Kurebayashi et al. (1999) Br. J. Cancer. 79; 707-717 

1. A binding molecule that specifically binds to two different epitopes of an antigen expressed on tumor cells said molecule comprising: (a) a first binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a first epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells, wherein said first binding (poly)peptide is a Fyn SH3-derived polypeptide; and (b) a second binding (poly)peptide that specifically binds to a second epitope of said antigen expressed on tumor cells.
 2. The binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the antigen expressed on tumor cells is HER2, HER1, HER3, HER4, receptors of the insulin, PDGF, FGF, VEGF, HGF, Trk, Eph, AXL, LTK, TIE, ROR, RET, KLG, RYK, MuSK families, EpCAM, CD20, CD33, CD52, or CD30.
 3. The binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the second binding (poly)peptide is an antibody.
 4. The binding molecule to of claim 1, wherein the first and second binding (poly)peptide are linked by a linker.
 5. The binding molecule to of claim 4, wherein the linker is a peptide-linker.
 6. The binding molecule of claim 1, wherein said binding molecule further comprises at least one additional (poly)peptide.
 7. The binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the first binding (poly)peptide comprises or consists of (i) an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 152; or (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 8. The binding molecule of claim 1, wherein the second binding (poly)peptide is an antibody, wherein (a) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; (b) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 160 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; (c) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; or (d) the heavy chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 and the light chain of the antibody comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 65% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 163. 9. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the binding molecule of claim
 1. 10. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 9. 11. A host cell or a non-human host transformed with the vector of claim
 10. 12. A method for the production of a binding molecule that specifically binds to two different epitopes of an antigen expressed on tumor cells comprising culture of the host cell of claim 11 under suitable conditions and isolation of the binding molecule produced. 13-15. (canceled)
 16. A method for treating a tumor comprising administering a composition comprising the binding molecule of claim
 1. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the tumor is a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, salivary gland cancer, endometrium cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, cancer concerning the upper gastrointestinal tract, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, malignant ascites, lymphoma, or leukemia tumor.
 18. A method for treating a tumor comprising administering a composition comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 9. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the tumor is a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, salivary gland cancer, endometrium cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, cancer concerning the upper gastrointestinal tract, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, malignant ascites, lymphoma, or leukemia tumor.
 20. A method for treating a tumor comprising administering a composition comprising the vector of claim
 10. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the tumor is a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, salivary gland cancer, endometrium cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, cancer concerning the upper gastrointestinal tract, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, malignant ascites, lymphoma, or leukemia tumor.
 22. A method for treating a tumor comprising administering a composition comprising the host cell of claim
 11. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the tumor is a breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, salivary gland cancer, endometrium cancer, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, cancer concerning the upper gastrointestinal tract, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, malignant ascites, lymphoma, or leukemia tumor. 